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Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Biology is ___

A

The study of Life

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2
Q

Anatomy is ___

A

The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts

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3
Q

Physiology is ____

A

The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.

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4
Q

Physiological functions are performed by ___

A

Specific structures

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5
Q

Medical terminology is ____

A

The use of prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and combining forms to construct anatomical, physiological, or medical terms.

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6
Q

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy

A

Features visible without a microscope

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7
Q

Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy includes ___

A

Surface, regional, and systemic anatomy

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8
Q

Surface Anatomy

A

General form and superficial markings

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9
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

Anatomical organization of specific areas of the body

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10
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Structure of organ systems

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11
Q

Developmental Anatomy

A

Changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity

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12
Q

Embryology

A

Developmental processes that occur during the first two months of development

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13
Q

Clinical Anatomy

A

Includes anatomical subspecialties important to the practice of medicine

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14
Q

Cytology

A

The internal structure of individual cells

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15
Q

Histology

A

Studying tissues

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16
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of cells that perform specific functions

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17
Q

Organs

A

Groups of tissues combining to form anatomical structures with multiple functions

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18
Q

Human physiology

A

Study of functions of the human body

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19
Q

Human physiology is based on ___

A

Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology

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20
Q

Cell physiology

A

The study of the functions of cells

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21
Q

Organ physiology

A

The study of the functions of specific organs

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22
Q

Systemic physiology

A

The study of the functions of specific organ systems

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23
Q

Pathological physiology

A

The study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions

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24
Q

The 11 organ systems of the body are ___

A

Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive

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25
Q

Homeostasis

A

Existence of a stable environment within the body

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26
Q

Homeostatic regulation

A

Process by which physiological systems preserve homeostasis using a receptor, control center, and an effector.

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27
Q

Autoregulation

A

When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change

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28
Q

Extrinsic regulation

A

Regulation resulting from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.

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29
Q

Receptor

A

Sensitive to a particular stimulus

30
Q

Control center

A

Receives and processes information supplied by the receptor and then sends out commands

31
Q

Effector

A

Cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center and then either opposes or enhances the stimulus

32
Q

Negative feedback

A

Corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits

33
Q

Positive feedback

A

Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, creating a positive feedback loop

34
Q

Anatomical Position

A

Standard arrangement for anatomical reference

35
Q

Supine

A

Face up

36
Q

Prone

A

Face down

37
Q

Three sectional planes of the body

A

Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Sagittal

38
Q

What is this?

A

Transverse plane

39
Q

What is this?

A

Frontal Plane

40
Q

What is this?

A

Sagittal Plane

41
Q

Body cavities function is ___

A

to protect delicate organs and permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.

42
Q

The ____ divides the (superior) thoracic and (inferior) abdominopelvic cavities.

A

Diaphragm

43
Q

The thoracic cavity contains _____with a central tissue mass known as the _____

A

2 pleural cavities

Mediastinum

44
Q

The two pleural cavities in the thoracic cavity do what?

A

They each surround a lung.

45
Q

What is inside the mediastinum?

A

Pericardial cavity

46
Q

The pericardial cavity surrounds what?

A

The heart

47
Q

The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavitys and contains the _____ cavity lined with ______

A

Peritoneal

Peritoneum, a serous membrane

48
Q

This book was published by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Associations of Anatomists to make a standard list of anatomical terms to be used internationally

A

International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica, or TA)

49
Q

Clinical Anatomy is a study of the body that includes what?

A

Pathological anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness)

Radiographic anatomy (anatomical structures seen during specialized imagin techniques)

Surgical anatomy (anatomical landmarks important in surgery)

50
Q

Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex

A

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

51
Q

Histologists research at what level of the body’s organization?

A

Tissues

52
Q

Describe how extrinsic regulation works with the nervous and endocrine systems

A

These systems detect an environmental change and send an electrical signal (nervous system) or chemical messenger (endocrine system) to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously.

53
Q

What are the major organs of the integumentary system?

A

Skin

Hair

Sweat glands

Nails

54
Q

What are the major organs of the skeletal system?

A

Bones

Cartilages

Associated ligaments

Bone marrow

55
Q

What are the major organs of the muscular system?

A

Skeletal muscles and associated tendons

56
Q

What are the major organs of the nervous system?

A

Brain

Spinal cord

Peripheral nerves

Sense organs

57
Q

What are the major organs of the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary gland

Thyroid gland

Pancreas

Adrenal gland

Gonad

Endocrine tissues in other systems

58
Q

What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart

Blood

Blood vessels

59
Q

What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?

A

Spleen

Thymus

Lymphatic vessels

Lymph nodes

Tonsils

60
Q

What are the major organs of the respiratory system?

A

Nasal cavities

Sinuses

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Lungs

Alveoli

61
Q

What are the major organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth

Tongue

Pharynx

Esophagus

Stomach

Small intestine

Large intestine

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

62
Q

What are the major organs of the urinary system?

A

Kidneys

Ureters

Urinary bladder

Urethra

63
Q

What are the major organs of the male reproductive system?

A

Testes

Epididymides

Ductus deferentia

Seminal vesicles

Prostate gland

Penis

Scrotum

64
Q

What are the major organs of the female reproductive system?

A

Ovaries

Uterine tubes

Uterus

Vagina

Labia

Clitoris

Mammary glands

65
Q

At what time are positive feedback loops typically produced in the body?

A

When a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis, such as blood clotting at the loss of blood.

66
Q

Label the regions

A

1 Right hypochondriac region

2 Epigastric region

3 Left hypochondriac region

4 Right lumbar region

5 Umbilical region

6 Left lumbar region

7 Right inguinal region

8 Hypogastric (pubic) region

9 Left inguinal region

67
Q

Epidemiology

A

Branch of science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of dieseases and other factors relating to health

68
Q

Etiology

A

Science and study of disease causes

69
Q

Idiopathic

A

Any disease or condition of unknown cause

70
Q

Syndrome

A

Condition characterized by a group of associated symptoms

Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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