Chapter 1 - Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
Biology is ___
The study of Life
Anatomy is ___
The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among the body parts
Physiology is ____
The study of how living organisms perform their vital functions.
Physiological functions are performed by ___
Specific structures
Medical terminology is ____
The use of prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and combining forms to construct anatomical, physiological, or medical terms.
Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy
Features visible without a microscope
Gross (macroscopic) Anatomy includes ___
Surface, regional, and systemic anatomy
Surface Anatomy
General form and superficial markings
Regional Anatomy
Anatomical organization of specific areas of the body
Systemic Anatomy
Structure of organ systems
Developmental Anatomy
Changes in form that occur between conception and physical maturity
Embryology
Developmental processes that occur during the first two months of development
Clinical Anatomy
Includes anatomical subspecialties important to the practice of medicine
Cytology
The internal structure of individual cells
Histology
Studying tissues
Tissues
Groups of cells that perform specific functions
Organs
Groups of tissues combining to form anatomical structures with multiple functions
Human physiology
Study of functions of the human body
Human physiology is based on ___
Cell physiology, organ physiology, systemic physiology, pathological physiology
Cell physiology
The study of the functions of cells
Organ physiology
The study of the functions of specific organs
Systemic physiology
The study of the functions of specific organ systems
Pathological physiology
The study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions
The 11 organ systems of the body are ___
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Homeostasis
Existence of a stable environment within the body
Homeostatic regulation
Process by which physiological systems preserve homeostasis using a receptor, control center, and an effector.
Autoregulation
When a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to some environmental change
Extrinsic regulation
Regulation resulting from the activities of the nervous or endocrine system.
Receptor
Sensitive to a particular stimulus
Control center
Receives and processes information supplied by the receptor and then sends out commands
Effector
Cell or organ that responds to commands of the control center and then either opposes or enhances the stimulus
Negative feedback
Corrective mechanism involving an action that directly opposes a variation from normal limits
Positive feedback
Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, creating a positive feedback loop
Anatomical Position
Standard arrangement for anatomical reference
Supine
Face up
Prone
Face down
Three sectional planes of the body
Transverse (horizontal) Frontal (coronal) Sagittal
What is this?
Transverse plane
What is this?
Frontal Plane
What is this?
Sagittal Plane
Body cavities function is ___
to protect delicate organs and permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs.
The ____ divides the (superior) thoracic and (inferior) abdominopelvic cavities.
Diaphragm
The thoracic cavity contains _____with a central tissue mass known as the _____
2 pleural cavities
Mediastinum
The two pleural cavities in the thoracic cavity do what?
They each surround a lung.
What is inside the mediastinum?
Pericardial cavity
The pericardial cavity surrounds what?
The heart
The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the abdominal and pelvic cavitys and contains the _____ cavity lined with ______
Peritoneal
Peritoneum, a serous membrane
This book was published by the Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology and the International Associations of Anatomists to make a standard list of anatomical terms to be used internationally
International Anatomical Terminology (Terminologia Anatomica, or TA)
Clinical Anatomy is a study of the body that includes what?
Pathological anatomy (anatomical features that change during illness)
Radiographic anatomy (anatomical structures seen during specialized imagin techniques)
Surgical anatomy (anatomical landmarks important in surgery)
Identify the major levels of organization of the human body from the simplest to the most complex
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Histologists research at what level of the body’s organization?
Tissues
Describe how extrinsic regulation works with the nervous and endocrine systems
These systems detect an environmental change and send an electrical signal (nervous system) or chemical messenger (endocrine system) to control or adjust the activities of another or many other systems simultaneously.
What are the major organs of the integumentary system?
Skin
Hair
Sweat glands
Nails
What are the major organs of the skeletal system?
Bones
Cartilages
Associated ligaments
Bone marrow
What are the major organs of the muscular system?
Skeletal muscles and associated tendons
What are the major organs of the nervous system?
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sense organs
What are the major organs of the endocrine system?
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Adrenal gland
Gonad
Endocrine tissues in other systems
What are the major organs of the cardiovascular system?
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
What are the major organs of the lymphatic system?
Spleen
Thymus
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
What are the major organs of the respiratory system?
Nasal cavities
Sinuses
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Alveoli
What are the major organs of the digestive system?
Teeth
Tongue
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
What are the major organs of the urinary system?
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
What are the major organs of the male reproductive system?
Testes
Epididymides
Ductus deferentia
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Penis
Scrotum
What are the major organs of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Labia
Clitoris
Mammary glands
At what time are positive feedback loops typically produced in the body?
When a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis, such as blood clotting at the loss of blood.
Label the regions
1 Right hypochondriac region
2 Epigastric region
3 Left hypochondriac region
4 Right lumbar region
5 Umbilical region
6 Left lumbar region
7 Right inguinal region
8 Hypogastric (pubic) region
9 Left inguinal region
Epidemiology
Branch of science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and possible control of dieseases and other factors relating to health
Etiology
Science and study of disease causes
Idiopathic
Any disease or condition of unknown cause
Syndrome
Condition characterized by a group of associated symptoms
