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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization > Flashcards

Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is chemistry?

A

the science that investigates matter and its interact

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2
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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3
Q

What is atomic number?

A

the number of protons in an atom

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4
Q

Mass number

A

total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

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5
Q

Atoms are electrically neutral, meaning:

A

every positively charged proton is balanced by a negatively charged electron

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6
Q

What determines the chemical properties of an element?

A

The number of electron’s in the atom’s outer shell

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7
Q

Chemical bonding produces ____ and ____.

A

molecules and compounds

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8
Q

Molecules are:

A

chemical structures that contain more than one atom bonded together by shared electrons

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9
Q

A compound is:

A

any chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements

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10
Q

What are surfactants?

A

Chemicals that act as wetting agents

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11
Q

Why do premature babies often suffer from pulmonary disease?

A

Because surfactant is not produced by the fetus until approximately 28-32 weeks of gestation

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12
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to perform work

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13
Q

What is work?

A

the movement or change in the physical structure of matter

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14
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

the energy of motion

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15
Q

What is potential energy?

A

stored energy

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16
Q

What is a decomposition reaction?

A

breaks a molecule into smaller fragments

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17
Q

Hydrolysis

A

one of the bonds in a complex molecule is broken, and the components of a water molecule are added to the resulting fragments

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18
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

condensation; the formation of a complex molecule by the removal of water

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19
Q

What is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of new compounds in the body

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20
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

a reaction that releases energy

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21
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A reaction that absorbs energy

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22
Q

What are nutrients?

A

The essential elements and molecules that are obtained from the diet

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23
Q

What is an acid?

A

any substance that breaks apart in solution to release hydrogen ions

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24
Q

What is a base?

A

a substance that removes hydrogen ions from a solution

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25
Q

How is the concentration of hydrogen ions reported?

A

as the pH

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26
Q

Pure water has a pH of ___

A

7

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27
Q

A solution with a pH of 7 is called ____ because:

A

neutral; it contains equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions

28
Q

A solution with a pH below 7 is:

29
Q

A solution with a pH above 7 is:

A

basic or alkaline

30
Q

The pH of blood and most body fluids normally ranges from ____ to ____

A

7.35 to 7.45

31
Q

A blood pH below 7 can produce:

32
Q

A blood pH above 7.8 usually causes:

A

uncontrollable, sustained muscular contractions

33
Q

What are buffers?

A

compounds that stabilize pH by either removing or replacing hydrogen ions

34
Q

pH is an abbreviation of:

A

potential of hydrogen

35
Q

How is the value of 7.0 derived as the pH of a precisely neutral solution?

A

it is the absolute value of the hydrogen ion concentration at 25°C

36
Q

A pH of 14 indicates that:

A

only hydroxide ions are present

37
Q

A pH of 0 indicates that:

A

only hydrogen ions are present

38
Q

What is pOH?

A

denotes the alkalinity of a solution; represents the number of hydroxide ions present

39
Q

pH + pOH = ____

40
Q

Organic compounds always contain:

A

carbon and hydrogen and generally water as well

41
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

an organic molecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio near 1:2:1

42
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

a simple sugar; a carbohydrate that contains from 3 to 7 carbon atoms

43
Q

What is the most important metabolic “fuel” in the body?

44
Q

Two monosaccharides joined together form a ______

A

disaccharide

45
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

two monosaccharides joined together; i.e. sucrose (table sugar)

46
Q

What is a salt?

A

an ionic compound that consists of any cation except a hydrogen ion and any anion except a hydroxide ion

47
Q

What is an ion?

A

an atom or molecule with an electric charge

48
Q

What are cations?

A

Ions with a positive charge

49
Q

What are anions?

A

Ions with a negative charge

50
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

a chemical bond created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations

51
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

a bond in which atoms share electrons with other atoms

52
Q

Activation energy

A

the amount of energy required to start a reaction

53
Q

Enzymes

A

belong to a class of substances called catalysts, which are compounds that accelerate chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed

54
Q

Inorganic compounds are small molecules that do not contain ____ and ____ atoms.

A

carbon and hydrogen

55
Q

What are electrolytes?

A

Inorganic compounds whose ions can conduct an electrical current in solution

56
Q

What are steroids?

A

Large lipid molecules composed of four connected rings of carbon atoms

57
Q

Phospholipids

A

consist of a glycerol and two fatty acids linked to a nonlipid group by a phosphate group

58
Q

What are the 7 functions of protein?

A
  1. support
  2. movement
  3. transport
  4. buffering
  5. metabolic regulation
  6. coordination, communication, and control
  7. defense
59
Q

What are proteins?

A

long chains of organic molecules called amino acids

60
Q

What determines the functional properties of a protein?

A

it’s shape

61
Q

What are the reactants in an enzymatic reaction?

A

substrates

62
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

Large organic molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. They store and process information at the molecular level inside cells

63
Q

What are the five nitrogenous bases in a nucleotide?

A

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil

64
Q

The energy that powers a cell is obtained by:

A

the breakdown (catabolism) of organic molecules such as glucose

65
Q

ATP is composed of:

A

adenosine monophosphate and two phosphate groups

Anatomy & Physiology (6 decks)

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