Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of life Flashcards
What is Matter?
What is matter made up of?
Anything that takes of space and has a mass.
Matter is made up of elements.
What is an element?
a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions.
What is a compound?
A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio.
What are essential Elements?
Elements that lving things need to make us work.
What are the four elements that make up 96% of living matter?
What elements make up the other 4%?
who is CHON (96%)
- C = Carbon
- H = Hydrogen
- O = Oxygen
- N = Nitrogen
Hes the KCaPS of the orientals (4%)
- K = Potassium
- Ca = Calcium
- P = Phosphorus
- S = Sulfur
What are Trace Elements?
Are elements that a living organism needs but a very small amount.
What is an Atom?
What three particles make up an atom?
An Atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element.
Smallest particle of an element that retains its properties.
The three particles that make up an atom are called subatomic particles.
- Neutrons (neutral)
- Protons (positive)
- Electrons (negative)
- atoms have a nucleus
- electrons and protons attract each other so atoms usually have the same number of protons and electrons
How many electrons are in the element Oxygen?
8 electrons
Atomic nucleus is? (what type of charges) and where is the nucleus located in an Atom?
What surrounds the Atoms nucleus and why?
An Atoms nucleus is in the center of the atom, its also a combinaton of Protons and Neutrons that are packed together tightly in a dense core.
The atoms nucleus is a positive charge.
Surrounding the atoms nucleus is rapidly moving electrons that form a “cloud” the cloud is negatively charged. since protons and electrons are attracted to one another, the electrons stay in the vicinity of the nucleus.
Dalton is used to measure what?
Atoms, subatomic particles and molecules.
Neutrons and protons equal 1 Dalton
What does indivisible mean in regards to atoms.
atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
In a chemical reaction chemicals only get rearranged.
what is an Atomic number
the number of protons in one atom of an element.
is written a subscript to the left of the symbol for the element.
What is a mass number? what is the equation to find the mass number.
a combination of protons and neutrons in an atom
mass number = protons + neutrons
Atomic Mass
Mass of an Atom, which is a combination of its protons and neutrons.
the average mass number of an elements atom and its isotopes.
What are Isotopes?
A variation of an element. it contains a different number of protons than neutrons.
What is a half life when refering to an isotope?
When the “parent” isotope decays into its “daughter” isotope at a fixed rate.
half life is the time it takes for 50% of the isotope to decay.
What is Radiometric dating?
when scientist measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half-lives (In years) have passed since an organism was fossilized or a rock was formed.
What is energy (dealing with elements and atoms)
The capacity to cause change-for instance, by doing work.
What is Potential energy? give an example
The energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure.
energy of position further away from its resting state.
Example, water in a reservoir on a hill has potential energy because of its location or structure.
Electron shells name the four of them and amount of electrons that fit in each one
An electron shell is the outside part of an atom around the atomic nucleus. It is a group of atomic orbitals with the same value of the principal quantum number n. Electron shells have one or more electron subshells, or sublevels.
the path the electron is going in the orbitial
Suzan S 2 per shell
pukes P 6 per shell
dick D 10 per shell
forever F 14 per shell
What are Valence electrons and whats the name of the shell they are in?
are the electrons in the outermost shell and the name of that shell is the valence shell.
Elements with an incomplete valence shell are more likely to have chemical behavior.
if the valence shell is complete (full) the element is inert(chemicaly unreactive).
orbital
An orbital is th shape of the space where there is a high probility of finding electrons.
Orbiting the atoms nucleus (made of protons and neutrons).
the ring around the nucleus
distance from the center
What is electron configuration?
What are the four electron configurations and the amount of electrons in each shell?
Is the distribution of electronsof an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals.
Amount of electrons per shell and orbital.
- Suzan S 2 per shell
- pukes P 6 per shell
- dick D 10 per shell
- forever F 14 per shell
What is a radioactive isotope?
is one in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy.
What are the three axes and what do the represent ?
The three Axes are X, Y, Z
They represent three dimensional space. (spacings not outer space)
If two or more elements are in the same row, what do they have in common? if two or more elements are in the same column, what do they have in common?
The Elements in a row all have the same number of electron shells.
The elements in the same column have the same number of electrons in their valence shells.
What are chemical bonds?
When two or more atoms combine together because of their velence shell not being full.
What is a covalent bond?
The sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
What is a molecule
When two or more atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
Draw a Lewis dot structure
CO2
Draw A lewis dot structure
H2O
Draw a Lewis dot structure
SO4-2
Sulfer can have six bonds
Single bond
When a line represents a single bond of two elecrons in a compound.
Double Bond
give an example
two oxygen atoms form a molecule by sharing two paris of valence electrons.
a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms.
What is a valence
The bonding capacity of an atom
What is electronegativity?
the attraction of a particular atom for the electrons of a covalent bond.
Nonpolar covalent bond.
Nonpolar covalent bonds, with equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two or more atoms are equal.
All equal strength nigs trying to get the money
polar covalent bonds
The greater the electronegativity difference, the more ionic the bond is. Bonds that are partly ionic are calledpolar covalent bonds
When the big nig over powers the two little nigs and takes there money.
What are Ions?
an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
What is a Cation?
and
What is a Anion?
What do the two have to do with one another with bonding?
A positively charged Ion. +1
A negatively charged Ion. -1
A Cation and a Anion atract one another because a cation is a positively charged ion and an Anion is a negatively charged ion.
The two opposites attract.
Ionic Bond
When an Cation and Anion attract forming a bond,
Note, that the transer of an electron is not, by itself, the formation of a bond; rather, it allows a bond to form because it results in two ions of opposite charde.
Any ions of opposite charge can form an ionic bond.
The ions do not need to have acquired their charge by an electron transfer with each other.
Ionic Compounds
Compounds formed by ionic bonds are called ionic Compounds
or Salts.
What is the difference between Ionic compound and Covalent compound?
Ionic compound is when two or more charged elements are attracted to one another. metal and non-metals
covalent when to or more elements eletrons are shared between their orbitals. creating bonds.
What is a tetrahedron
A pyramid with a triangular base.
What is hybridization of orbitals?
is the concept of mixing atomic orbitals into new hybrid orbitals (with different energies, shapes, etc., than the component atomic orbitals) suitable for the pairing of electrons to form chemical bonds in valence bond theory.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A hydrogen bond is the electrostatic attraction between two polar groups that occurs when a hydrogen (H) atom covalently bound to a highly electronegative atom such as nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F)
When a hydrogen of from one molecule is attracted to a Nitrogen Oxygen or Fluorine from another molecule creating a HYDROGEN BOND (Attraction)
What is an Ionic compund?
When A metal is connected to a non metal because of their opposing electronegativity. their electrons are not being shared.
creating SALT
Van Der Waals Interactions
An Attraction the positive part of one molecule to the negative part of an another.
Chamical reaction
the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in composition of matter.
Reactant
is the staring material
products
the outcome of the reactants
Chemical Equilibrium
When the rates of the foward (reactant to product) and reverse (product to reactant) are happening at the same speed.
