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Human Anatomy Lecture > Chapter 2 - The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

Light Microscopy

A

uses light to magnify and view cellular structure up to 2000x their sizes

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2
Q

Electron Microscopy

A

uses electrons to magnify cells up to 2 million times their size

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane (cell membrane)

A

Contains : Lipid bilayer ; phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbs
Function : isolates; protects, senses, supports, controls permeability of material

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4
Q

Cytosol

A

Contains : fluid part of Cytoplasm

Function : sorts by diffusion , stores glycogens, pigments, etc

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5
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Contains : microtubules, Microfilaments

Functions : strength and support , moves cell structures

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6
Q

microvilli

A

Contains : extensions of microfilaments

Functions : increases surface area of cell for absorption

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7
Q

Centrosome

A

Contains : centrioles ( 9 microtubule triplets)

Functions : movement of chromosomes during cell division

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8
Q

Cilia

A

Contains : extensions of microtubules

Functions : moves materials over cell surface

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9
Q

Ribosomes

A

Contains : RNA + proteins ; attached ribosomes bound to Rough ER & free ribosomes released into cytoplasm
Functions : makes proteins

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10
Q

Mitochondria

A

Contains : double membrane, inner membrane folds of cristae lined with enzymes
Functions : makes 95% of ATP

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11
Q

Nucleoplasm

A

Contains : nucleotides, enzymes, nucleoproteins, and chromatin
Function: controls metabolism, stores and processes genetic information, controls protein synthesis

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12
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Contains : double-layer membrane

Functions : encases nucleolus

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13
Q

Nucleoli ( singular - nucleolus)

A

Contains : DNA and RNA

Function : site of rRNA synthesis and formation of ribosomal subunits

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14
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A

Contains : network of channels throughout cytoplasm

Functions : synthesis of secretory products, storage , and transport

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15
Q

Rough ER

A

Contains : Bound ribosomes

Functions : modifies and packages new proteins

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16
Q

Smooth ER

A

Contains : the lack of ribosomes

Function : makes lipids, steroids, carbs; stares calcium ions

17
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Contains : stacks of flattened cisternae chambers

Functions : stores, alters, and packages secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

18
Q

Lysosomes

A

Contains : vesicles filled with digestive enzymes

Functions : removes damaged organelles or pathogens

19
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Contains : vesicles filled with degradative enzymes

Functions : catabolizes fats; neutralizes toxic compounds

20
Q

Passive Processes

A
  • Do not require or utilize cellular energy

- Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion

21
Q

Diffusion

A
  • the movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
  • Molecules move down a concentration gradient ( difference between high and low concentration)
  • Gasses, small molecules/ions, lipid soluble molecules
22
Q

Osmosis

A
  • diffusion of water across a selective permeable membrane
  • lower water concentration diffuses to a high solute concentration
  • Water only
23
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • solutes are transported across the plasma membrane by a carrier protein
  • follows concentration gradient
  • carries large molecules (e.g. glucose and amino acids)
24
Q

Active Processes

A
  • Require ATP or other energy

- Active Transport, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

25
Q

Active Transport

A
  • Doesn’t follow concentration gradient
  • Exchanges pumps
  • Energy moves solutes out of the cell, causing other solutes to move in ( 2 Potassium in : 3 Sodium out)
  • Sodium-Potassium Pump
26
Q

Endocytosis

A

Packaging of Extracellular materials into a vesicle that imports into the cell

27
Q

Pinocytosis

A
  • vesicles formed at plasma membrane bring ECF and small molecules into the cell
  • “Cell Drinking”
28
Q

Phagocytosis

A
  • Vesicles bring solid particles into the cell
  • “Cell Eating”
  • Bacteria, viruses, cell debris
29
Q

receptor-mediated Endocytosis

A
  • molecules bind to receptor proteins on membrane surface
  • Triggers vesicles formation
  • membrane folds inward to form pits
30
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • release of fluids/solids from cells when intercellular vesicles fuse with membrane
  • requires ATP and calcium ions

Human Anatomy Lecture (4 decks)

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