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LSAT test prep > Chapter 2: The Basics of Logical Reasoning > Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Basics of Logical Reasoning Flashcards

Prepare for the LSAT

1
Q

What is a premise?

A

A fact, proposition, or statement from which a conclusion is made (premises support and explain the conclusion)

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2
Q

What is a conclusion?

A

A statement or judgement that follows from one or more reasons (drawn from and rest on the premises)

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3
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Because

A

Premise indicator (appears the most)

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4
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Since

A

Premise indicator (appears the most)

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5
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For

A

Premise indicator (appears the most)

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6
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For example

A

Premise indicator

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7
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For the reason that

A

Premise indicator

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8
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: In that

A

Premise indicator

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9
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Given that

A

Premise indicator

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10
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: As indicated by

A

Premise indicator

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11
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Due to

A

Premise indicator

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12
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Owning to

A

Premise indicator

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13
Q

Premise or Conclusion Indicator: This can be seen from

A

Premise indicator

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14
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: We know this by

A

Premise indicator

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15
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Thus

A

Conclusion indicator (appears the most)

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16
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Therefore

A

Conclusion indicator (appears the most)

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17
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Hence

A

Conclusion Indicator

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18
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Consequently

A

Conclusion indicator

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19
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: As a result

A

Conclusion indicator

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20
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: So

A

Conclusion indicator

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21
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Accordingly

A

Conclusion indicator

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22
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Clearly

A

Conclusion indicator

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23
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Must be that

A

Conclusion indicator

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24
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Shows that

A

Conclusion indicator

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25
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Conclude that

A

Conclusion indicator

26
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: Follows that

A

Conclusion indicator

27
Q

Premise or Conclusion indicator: For this reason

A

Conclusion indicator

28
Q

Additional Premise

A

Another premise that supports the conclusion but is sometimes non-essential to the conclusion
(They may be central to the argument or secondary)

29
Q

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: Furthermore

A

Additional Premise indicator

30
Q

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: Moreover

A

Additional Premise indicator

31
Q

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: Besides

A

Additional Premise indicator

32
Q

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: In Addition

A

Additional Premise Indicator

33
Q

Additional Premise or Premise Indicator: What’s more

A

Additional Premise indicator

34
Q

Additional Premise or Premise indicator: After All

A

Additional Premise Indicator

34
Q

Counter-Premises

A

Bring up points of opposition or comparison (not integral to the authors argument structure)

35
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: On the other hand

A

Counter-Premise indicator

35
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Even though

A

Counter-Premise indicator

35
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Although

A

Counter-Premise indicator

35
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: However

A

Counter-Premise Indicator

35
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: In contrast

A

Counter-Premise Indicator

36
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Admittedly

A

Counter-Premise indicator

36
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Yet

A

Counter-Premise indicator

36
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: But

A

Counter-Premise

37
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Still

A

Counter-Premise Indicator

38
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Whereas

A

Counter-Premise indicator

39
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: In spite of

A

Counter-Premise indicator

40
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: Despite

A

Counter-Premise indicator

41
Q

Additional Premise or Counter-Premise indicator: After All

A

Counter-Premise indicator
(Can appear on multiple indicators lists because it can be used on a variety of ways, up to you to identify the exact role)

42
Q

Conclusion Identification Method (used when no conclusion and premise indicators are present)

A

Take the statements under consideration for the conclusion and mentally place them in an arrangement that forces one to be a conclusion and the others to be premises. Use premise indicators to achieve this end. Arrange them to make logical sense and if not then reverse the arrangement until it makes sense

43
Q

Complex arguments

A

Contain more than one conclusion. One of the conclusions is the main conclusion, and the other conclusions are subsidiary conclusions (also known as sub-conclusions)

At some point makes a conclusion based on a premise, and then the author then uses that “initial” conclusion as the foundation (or) premise for another conclusion.

44
Q

Separate ideas in some manner. Natural stopping points, and help divide a sentence into smaller pieces

A

Comma ,

45
Q

Typically precedes an explanation of the point prior to the colon, or introduces a list of some sort

A

Colon :

46
Q

The ideas on either side of ___ are typically related but also could stand on their own as complete sentences. Stronger than a comma

A

Semi-Colon ;

47
Q

The information in __ typically expands upon and adds additional information to the sentence

A

Parentheses ( )

48
Q

___ are extremely versatile, and are often substituted for other punctuation marks, but the purpose is typically to set apart a particular idea

A

Dashes -

49
Q

References words

A

Words that refer back or forward to ideas in the stimulus without explicitly naming the idea:

  • This/That/These/Those
    -It
    -They/Their/Them
    -One/Ones
    -Former/Latter
50
Q

Inference

A

-Something that must be true (finding an item that must be true based on the information presented in the argument)
-What follows from an argument (the conclusion)

51
Q

Assumption

A

-What must be true in order for the argument to be true (same as an unstated premise)
-What is taken for granted while making an argument

52
Q

Quality indicators

A

Refer to the amount or quantity in the relationship such as “some people” or “many of the laws”
Ex: All, every, most, many

53
Q

Probability indicators

A

Refer to the likelihood of occurrence, or the obligation present, as in “the mayor should resign” or “the law will never pass”
Ex: Must, will, always, not always

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