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Chemistry 101 > Chapter 2: Textbook > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Textbook Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 types of matter?

A

Elements
Compounds
Mixtures

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2
Q

What is a Substance?

A

A matter whose composition is fixed

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3
Q

Why are Mixtures not substances?

A

Because they have variable composition

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4
Q

What is the Simplest type of Matter?

A

An Element

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5
Q

What does an Element have?

A

Unique physical and chemical properties

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6
Q

Why can’t an Element be broken down further?

A

It consists of only one type of atom

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7
Q

Why is each element unique?

A

Because the properties of its atoms are unique

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8
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

An independent structure of two or more atoms bound together

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9
Q

What is an example of a Molecule?

A

One of the Oxygens in O

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10
Q

What is a Compound?

A

Two or more elements that are Chemically bonded together

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11
Q

How are Compounds formed?

A

They are joined in a chemical reaction

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12
Q

what is are defining features of Compounds?

A

Elements are present in fixed parts by atoms of each element and its properties are different from its component elements

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13
Q

What is a Mixtures?

A

Two or more substances that are physically intermingled

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14
Q

Is a Mixture a substance?

A

No

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15
Q

what are the components of a Mixture like?

A

They can vary unlike compounds

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16
Q

What does a Mixture consist of?

A

Individual units that make up its component elements and/or compounds

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17
Q

What are the properties of a Mixture?

A

Whatever the properties of its components are

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18
Q

How can Mixtures be separated into components?

A

By physical changes

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19
Q

What is the Law of Mass Conservation?

A

The total mass of substances does not change during a chemical reaction

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20
Q

Who came up with the Law of Mass Conservation?

A

Lavoisier

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21
Q

What does the law of definite (or constant) composition state?

A

No matter what its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts by mass

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22
Q

What is the Fraction of Mass?

A

The part of the compound that each element contributes

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23
Q

How is the Mass fraction found?

A

By dividing the mass of each element by the mass of the compound

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24
Q

What is the formula for the mass of an element in a sample?

A

Mass of compound in sample x (mass of element in a compound/mass of compound)

25
Q

What is the Law of Multiple Propertions?

A

If elements A and B react to form two compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers

26
Q

What are the 3 laws?

A

Mass conservation
Definite composition
Multiple Proportions

27
Q

Whose experiments revealed the Mass and charge of the electron?

A

J.J. Thompson and Robert Millikan

28
Q

How did J.J. Thompsons experiment go?

A

He measured the ratio of the mass of a cathode ray particle to its charge

29
Q

What did J.J. Thompson discover>

A

That atoms contained even smaller particles

30
Q

What did Robert Millikan discover?

A

He discovered a way to measure the charge of an electron

31
Q

What model of the atom did Thomson propose?

A

The Plum pudding model

32
Q

What is the Plum Pudding model?

A

A spherical atom composed of positively charged matter with electrons embedded within it

33
Q

How did Rutherford describe the nucleus?

A

The nucleus contains all the positive charge and is all the mass of the atom

34
Q

Who discovered the Neutron?

A

James Chadwick

35
Q

What letter represent the atomic number of an element?

A

Z

36
Q

What does the Atomic Number show?

A

The amount of protons in the nucleus

37
Q

What does the Mass Number represent?

A

The total number of protons and neutrons

38
Q

What do Isotopes have?

A

Different amounts of neutrons so it changes the Mass number

39
Q

What are the Chemical Properties of an atom determined by?

A

The number of electrons

40
Q

What is the mass number represented by?

A

A superscript

41
Q

How is the Isotopic makeup of an element determined?

A

Mass Spectrometry

42
Q

Who created the periodic table?

A

Dimitri Mendeleev

43
Q

What forms Ionic compounds?

A

Transferring electrons from one ion to another

44
Q

What forms covalent bonds?

A

Sharing electrons between different elements

45
Q

What is a binary ionic compound?

A

A compound composed of two elements

46
Q

Which periodic table group usually loses electrons?

A

Metals

47
Q

Which periodic table group usually gains electrons?

A

Non-metals

48
Q

What is charge based on?

A

The group number

49
Q

How are polyatomic ions bonded?

A

Covalently

50
Q

What is a Formula unit?

A

The formula of an ionic compound

51
Q

What is an Oxoanion?

A

Ions usually a non-metal bonded to one or more oxygen atoms

52
Q

What is the rule for Oxanions with 2 oxygens?

A

The ion with more Oxygen take the nonmetal root and suffix -ate
The ion with fewer O atoms takes the nonmetal root and the suffix-ite

53
Q

What is the rule for Oxanions with more than 4 oxygens elements?

A
  • The ion with the most O atoms has the prefix per- , the non-metal root, and the suffix -ate
  • The ion with one less O atom has just the root and suffix -ate
  • The ion with two fewer O has just the root and the suffix -ite
  • The ion with the least (three dewer) O atoms has the prefix hypo-, the root and the suffix -ite
54
Q

When do Binary Acid Solutions form?

A

When certain gaseous compounds dissolve in water

55
Q

What is the formula for Binary Acid names?

A

Hydro + non-metal root + suffix + acid

56
Q

What is the rule for Oxoacid?

A
  • ate becomes -ic

- ite become -ous

57
Q

How does Distillation seperate?

A

Through differences in Volatillity

58
Q

What is Volatillity?

A

The tendency of a substance to become a gas

59
Q

What is Crystallization based on Solubility

A

Differences in Solubility

Chemistry 101 (4 decks)

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