Chapter 2 Terms Flashcards
Biomechanics
the study of how mechanical forces impact the structure and function of biological systems
Kinetics
describes forces producing stabilization or movement in a system
Kinematics
describes motion created by forces and incorporates the factors of time, space, and mass of a moving system
Force
then amount and direction of push or pull applied to objects or body segments
Gravity
the mutual attraction between the earth and an object
Weight
a result of gravitational force and the mass of an object (always pushes directly downward)
Ground Reaction Force
the upward force a supporting surface exerts on an object when a person pushes down on the supporting surface
Friction
a force between two surfaces that increases resistance to motion of one surface across another
Traction Forces
a force used to generate motion between a body and a tangential surface, through the use of either dry friction or shear force.
Compression Forces
when an object is pressed inward by a physical force, causing it to compact
Shear Forces
unaligned forces that act on a body in opposite directions, one part of the body in one direction and another part in the opposite direction
Bending
occurs when a force is not applied at the central axis of an elongated object, such as a long bone, and the object bends
Torsional Forces (Torsion)
two opposing forces creating twisting within an object
Velocity
the rate of of position (magnitude) and the direction of that change, measured by a change of distance within a given time
Acceleration
the rate of change of velocity and direction of that change , measured by change in velocity per second
Torque(T)
termed momentum of force, is the tendency of a force to produce rotation about an axis
Movement Arm (MA)
the perpendicular distance between the line of application of force and the axis of rotation
Force Arm
the linear distance between the line of application of force and the axis of rotation
Angle of Application of Force
the angle at which force is applied
The Center of Gravity (COG)
the point at which gravity acts on the COM
Base of Support (BOS)
the area encompassed by a body’s contact with a supporting surface
Linear Motion
when all parts of an object move the same distance, in the same direction, at the same time
Curvilinear Motion
movement that occurs in a curved path that is not circular
Angular Motion (Rotary Motion)
movement of an object around a fixed point (axis)
Simple Machine
a tool that permits change in force or direction of force required to lift a load, or both.
Levers, Pulleys, and Inclined Planes
simple machines that change the relationship between force and distance necessary to create or control motion
Mechanical Advantage
a measure of how much a force is increased by using a tool or machine
Lever
rigid “plank” that can rotate about a fulcrum when forces are applied
