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Psychopharmacology > Chapter 2: Structure and Function of NS > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Structure and Function of NS Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons have three major external features

A

Axon, soma and dendrites

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2
Q

_____ are critical for neuron function.

A

Characteristics of the cell membrane

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3
Q

_____ provide vital support for neurons.

A

Glial cells

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4
Q

_____ is responsible for the cell’s resting potential.

A

Ion distribution

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5
Q

_____ are small, transient changes in membrane potential.

A

Local potentials

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6
Q

Sufficient depolarization at the axon hillock opens _____, producing an _____.

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels; action potential

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7
Q

Drugs and poisons alter _____.

A

Axon conduction

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8
Q

The nervous system breaks into

A

PNS and CNS

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9
Q

CNS functioning is dependent on _____

A

Structural features

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10
Q

The CNS has six distinct regions reflecting _____

A

Embryological development

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11
Q

The cerebral cortex is divided into _____, each having primary, secondary, and tertiary areas.

A

Four lobes

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12
Q

_____ provide energy for the metabolic work of the cell.

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Axon terminals contain _____ that are released into the synapse between cells when the action potential arrives.

A

Synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter molecules

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14
Q

The dendrites of a neuron are covered with minute spines that increase the receiving _____ of the cell. These spines are reduced in SIZE in individuals with intellectual impairment and reduced in NUMBER in those with schizophrenia.

A

Surface area

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15
Q

Thousands of receptors that respond to neuro-transmitters released by other neurons are found on _____.

A

Dendrites, dendritic spines, and soma of the cell.

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16
Q

The _____ is located at the juncture of soma and axon and is responsible for summation (or integration) of the multiple signals required to generate an action potential.

A

Axon hillock

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17
Q

Conduction of the action potential along the axon is enhanced by the insulating property of the _____.

A

Myelin created by nearby glial cells.

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18
Q

The nucleus of the cell is located within the soma, and _____ occurs there.

A

Protein synthesis

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19
Q

Transcription of the genetic code for a specific protein by mRNA occurs within the _____, and translation of the “recipe,” carried by the mRNA, occurs on the _____.

A

Nucleus - transcription

Ribosomes in cytoplasm - translation

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20
Q

_____ increase or decrease the production of particular proteins by activating transcription factors in the nucleus.

A

Changes in synaptic activity

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21
Q

_____ is the study of how environmental demands such as diet, environmental toxins, stress, prenatal nutrition, and many others turn on or turn off the expression of specific genes.

A

Epigenetics

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22
Q

Although epigenetic markers do not modify DNA, they can last a lifetime and may be transmitted to future generations. Two common markers are _____

A

DNA methylation and chromatin remodeling.

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23
Q

Derived from very early-stage embryos

Valuable as research tools and potential treatment for many diseases

A

Embryonic stem cells

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24
Q

Undifferentiated cells
Able to proliferate
Can become many different specific cell types

A

Stem cells

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25
Q

Embryonic stem cells that form the nervous system become two primary cell types:

A

Neurons and Glial cells

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26
Q

Convert physical stimuli into electrical signals.

A

Sensory neurons

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27
Q

Found in brain and spinal cord
Form interacting neural circuits
Responsible for conscious sensations, recognition, memory, decision-making, cognition

A

Interneurons

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28
Q

Direct bio-behavioral responses appropriate for the situation

A

Motor neurons

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29
Q

Cell body; contains nucleus and other organelles.

A

Soma

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30
Q

Projections from the soma that receive information.

A

Dendrites

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31
Q

Extension that conducts electrical signals from the cell body to the terminal buttons.

A

Axon

32
Q

Receive information from other cells across the gap between them, the synapse.

A

Dendrites and soma

33
Q

There are thousands of receptors on the _____.

A

Dendrites and soma

34
Q

Effect on receiving cell may be _____ or _____.

A

Excitatory or inhibitory.

35
Q

Can change shape rapidly in response to changes in synaptic transmission.

A

Dendrites and their spines are constantly modified

36
Q

Mental illness, mental impairment, and drug addiction are associated with _____.

A

Lessening of dendritic spines

37
Q

“Decision point” for the generation of the action potential

A

Axon Hillock

38
Q

Located near dendrites or soma of neighboring cells
Vesicles located here
*Contain neurotransmitter chemicals

A

Terminal Bouton

39
Q

A fatty insulation created by layers of glial cells.

Found on most neurons

A

Myelin Sheath

40
Q

Myelinated peripheral nerves that serve muscles, organs, and glands.

A

Schwann cells

41
Q

Myelinated nerves in the brain and spinal cord.

A

Oligodendroglia

42
Q

Breaks in the myelin sheath
Sites at which action potentials are regenerated.
The myelin sheath increases speed of conduction along the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

43
Q

Which part of the neuron performs most metabolic functions?

A

Soma

44
Q

Neurons synthesize enzymes specific to synthesizing _____

A

Neurotransmitters

45
Q

_____ may explain some phenomena, such as:
differences in monozygotic and dizygotic twins
persistence of the drug-taking behavior
the link between early abuse or neglect, and clinical depression.

A

Epigenetics

46
Q

Sites of action of neurotransmitters, hormones, and drugs.

A

Receptors

47
Q

Proteins that form a channel and which allow molecules to selectively and passively move across the membrane.

A

Ion Channels

48
Q

Opens when a ligand (NT) binds to a receptor.

A

Ligand-gated channel (Ionotropic Receptor)

49
Q

Opens when the electrical potential across the membrane is altered.

A

Voltage-gated channel

50
Q

Glial cells:
_____
Form myelin sheaths in peripheral nervous system (PNS)

_____
form myelin sheaths in central nervous system (CNS

A

Schwann cells; Oligodendrocytes/oligodendroglia

51
Q

Provide structural support for neurons

take up excess neurotransmitters.

A

Astrocytes

52
Q

Remove dying cells responsible for immune response.

A

Microglia

53
Q

Difference in electrical charge between inside and outside of cell.

A

Resting membrane potential

54
Q

Inside of cell is more negative than the outside

It is _____.

A

–70 millivolts (mV)

Polarized

55
Q

Moves 3 Na+ to the outside for every 2 K+ moved to the inside
Ions are pumped against their concentration gradients
Requires energy

A

Na+ - K+ Pump

56
Q

Helping to keep the inside of the cell negative.

A

Na+ - K+ Pump

57
Q 
Rapid depolarization (movement toward zero) 
Is propagated down the length of the axon
A

The Action Potential

58
Q

Threshold membrane potential for the generation of an AP is _____.

A

–50 mV

59
Q

Voltage-gated Na+ channels open at the _____, generating the rapid change down the axon.

A

Axon hillock

60
Q

If Na+ channels open, Na+ enters cell and causes _____.

A

Local depolarization

61
Q

The following are examples of _____.
Cl– channels are stimulated to open, Cl– enters cell and inside of cell becomes more negative
If gated K+ channels open, K+ leaves the cell, the cell becomes more negative.

A

Local Hyperpolarization

62
Q

Because neurotransmitters act on the postsynaptic membrane, the effects are called:

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs)

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

63
Q

Local potentials are _____.

The larger the stimulus, the greater the magnitude of _____.

A

Graded; hyperpolarization or depolarization

64
Q

The Na+ channels close and cannot be opened for a fixed period

A

Absolute refractory period

65
Q

Action potential lasts only _____.

A

1 millisecond

66
Q

When Na+ channels _____, K+ channels _____,

K+ moves out of the cell and the membrane …

A

close; open

Returns to resting potential

67
Q

The membrane overshoots resting potential and is hyperpolarized until excess K+ diffuses away.

A

Relative Refractory Period

68
Q

Action potentials are _____
Intensity/strength _____
_____ is unrelated to amount of stimulation.

A

“All or none”
Doesn’t ∆
Size

69
Q

Describes the propagation of the AP in a myelinated neuron
Conduction “jumps” from one node of Ranvier to the next.
Less energy is needed because Na+–K+ pumps are only at the nodes.

A

Saltatory conduction

70
Q 
Local anesthesia
Blocks \_\_\_\_\_ (ex: Novocaine)
A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels

71
Q

Two parts that make up the forebrain

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

72
Q

Diencephalon breaks down into

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

73
Q

Telencephalon breaks down into

A

Basal ganglia, limbic system, neocortex

74
Q

The mesencephalon is also known as the

A

Midbrain

75
Q

The hindbrain is made up of…

A

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

76
Q

Myelencephalon is also called the

A

medulla

77
Q

Metencephalon is made up of

A

Cerebellum and pons

Psychopharmacology (6 decks)

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