Chapter 10: Alcohol Flashcards
The small non-ionized alcohol molecule is absorbed from the GI tract by _____—a process slowed by food in the stomach.
passive diffusion
Absorption in women is _____ because _____ gastric metabolism and smaller body size increase _____.
faster; reduced; the concentration
95% of alcohol is metabolized by _____ at a constant rate of 1 to 1.5 ounces per hour; 5% is excreted by _____.
the liver; the lungs
Alcohol dehydrogenase converts alcohol to _____. Further metabolism produces _____.
the toxic product acetaldehyde; carbon dioxide, water, and energy.
The _____ enzyme _____ metabolizes alcohol, as well as other drugs. Consuming them together may lead to dangerous blood levels because they compete for the limited amount of enzyme.
cytochrome P450; CYP 2E1
_____ occurs within a single drinking episode and may lead to dangerous driving when binge drinkers perceive that they are less intoxicated on the descending limb of the blood alcohol curve.
Acute tolerance
Chronic alcohol use increases _____ so metabolism is more rapid, causing metabolic tolerance to the effects of alcohol and cross-tolerance to other drugs metabolized by the same enzyme.
cytochrome P450 enzymes (enzyme induction)
Continued presence of alcohol produces compensatory changes in _____.
neuron function (pharmacodynamic tolerance).
Practicing an operant task under the influence of alcohol leads to improved _____.
performance (behavioral tolerance of the operant type)
Repeated alcohol administration in the same environment leads to the development of a compensatory response that occurs only in _____.
that environment (behavioral tolerance of the classical conditioning type).
Alcohol produces _____ and _____ with other sedative–hypnotic drugs (barbiturates and benzodiazepines).
physical dependence and cross-dependence
_____ after chronic heavy use of alcohol lasts for days and includes tremor, anxiety, high blood pressure and heart rate, sweating, rapid breathing, and nausea and vomiting.
Withdrawal
Severe withdrawal effects of alcohol called _____ include hallucinations, convulsions, disorientation, and intense anxiety.
delirium tremens
Behavioral effects of alcohol are directly related to _____, but at low doses, the _____ and _____ of effects are significant.
BAC; environment and expectations of effects
_____ on the CNS include relaxation, reduced anxiety, intoxication, impaired judgment, impaired memory, and sleep. Higher doses produce coma and death as the result of respiratory depression.
Dose-dependent effects
Heavy long-term alcohol use causes _____ leading to _____ causing _____: tremors, ataxia, and poor memory consolidation.
a vitamin B1 deficiency; cell death in the medial thalamus and mammillary bodies; Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome
Multiple brain regions may be damaged by _____.
glutamate-induced excitotoxicity
Beneficial alcohol-induced cardiovascular effects include _____, _____ and _____.
vasodilation, elevation of good cholesterol, and lowering of bad cholesterol
Alcoholism increases the risk of _____, _____ and _____.
high blood pressure, stroke, and heart enlargement.
Alcohol has _____, it also increases sexual arousal while decreasing performance, increases appetite, and aids digestion by increasing gastric secretions.
a diuretic effect;
Liver damage associated with alcoholism includes _____, _____ and _____.
fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, and alcoholic cirrhosis
Prenatal exposure to alcohol may produce _____, which is characterized by mental retardation and other developmental delays, low birthweight, neurological problems, head and facial malformations, and other physical abnormalities.
FAS
Effects of prenatal exposure to alcohol are dependent on? Name 3 of 6
blood alcohol level pattern of alcohol use fetal developmental stage at time of exposure maternal nutrition genetics comorbid drug use
Studies of FAS in humans show significant behavioral and cognitive problems after high maternal drinking, particularly of the _____.
binge type
