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Biology I > Chapter 2 - Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter

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2
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Measurement of the quantity of matter present

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3
Q

Atomic Mass Unit (AMU)

A

Mass of one proton or neutron

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4
Q

Element

A

Pure substance composed of only one kind of atom

Number of protons are unique to each element

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5
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons

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6
Q

Mass Number

A

Number of protons and number of neutrons in an atom’s nucleus

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7
Q

Atomic Weight

A

Average of mass numbers of isotopes

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8
Q

Isotopes

A

Forms of an element with different number of neutrons

Different mass numbers

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9
Q

Hydrogen

A

Element with 1 proton, 0 neutrons

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10
Q

Deuterium

A

Hydrogen isotope

1 proton, 1 neutron

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11
Q

Tritium

A

Hydrogen isotope
1 proton, 2 neutrons
Heavy water

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12
Q

Radioisotopes

A

Unstable isotopes that spontaneously give off energy in the form of α, β, and γ radiation from the nucleus
The release of energy transforms the original atom

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13
Q

Molecule

A

Stable association of atoms

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14
Q

Electron

A

Number of electrons determine how atoms will interact

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15
Q

Orbital

A

Region where electrons are found 90% of the time

Can be occupied by 2 electrons

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16
Q

Electron Shell

A

Energy levels around the nucleus of an atom
First shell contains one s orbital (2 electrons)
Second shell contains 1 s and 3 p orbitals (8 electrons)

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17
Q

Valence Shell

A

Outermost electron shell
Determines how the atom interacts with other atoms (chemical reaction)
Reactive atoms have unpaired electrons in valence shell

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18
Q

Chemical Bond

A

Attractive force that links atoms together to form molecules

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19
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Sharing of at least one pair of electrons so that the outer shell is filled
Strongest of chemical bonds

20
Q

Valence

A

Number of bonds an atom can form depending on the number of valence electrons

21
Q

Compound

A

Molecule made of up two or more elements bound together in a fixed ratio

22
Q

Molecular Weight

A

Sum of all atomic weights of all atoms in the molecule

23
Q

Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A

Equal sharing of electrons

24
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

Unequal sharing of electrons when electrons are drawn to one nucleus more than to the other
Partial negative charge near the strongly electronegative atom
Partial positive charge near the weakly electronegative atom

25
Q

Electronegativity

A

Measure of degree of attraction between nucleus and electrons
Higher value = greater attraction of pairing elctrons to the receiving nucleus

26
Q

Ion

A

Electrically charged particles that form when atoms gain or lose one or more electrons

27
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions; one less electron than protons

28
Q

Anions

A

Negatively charged ions; one more electron than protons

29
Q

Ionic Attraction

A

Bond formed as a result of the electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges

30
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Negatively charged oxygen atom of one water molecule is attracted to the positively charged hydrogen atom of another water molecule; intramolecular

31
Q

Hydrophilic Interactions

A

A polar molecule interacts with water; “water-loving”

32
Q

Hydrophobic Interactions

A

Nonpolar molecules interact with other nonpolar molecules; “water-hating”

33
Q

Chemical Reactions

A

Loss or gain of electrons, with reactants combined on the left to create products on the right

34
Q

Oxidation

A

Chemical reaction with a loss of electrons (LEO - loss of electrons equals oxidation)

35
Q

Reduction

A

Chemical reaction with a gain of electrons (GER - gain of electrons equal reduction)

36
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to do work

37
Q

Water

A

A polar molecule that can form hydrogen bonds; tetrahedral shape (not a linear shape)

38
Q

Solute

A

Substance being dissolved

39
Q

Solvent

A

Liquid that dissolves a substance

40
Q

Mole

A

Amount of substance (grams) that is numerically equal to its molecular weight; 1 mole for any substance is 6.02 x 10^-23 molecules per mole

41
Q

1 Molar Solution

A

1 mole of a substance dissolved in water to make 1 L

42
Q

Acids

A

Substances that release H+; higher concentration of H+; pH level 1-7

43
Q

Bases

A

Substances that accept H+; lower concentration of H+; pH level 7-14

44
Q

pH

A

A numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution; each pH value up or down represents a 10 fold increase/decrease in hydrogen ion concentration [H+]

45
Q

Buffer

A

A weak acid or base used to prevent a rapid change in pH when acids or bases are added to the solution; to maintain homeostasis

Biology I (12 decks)

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