Chapter 2 - Sigismund Schlomo Freud Flashcards
The drug often used by Sigismund Freud
Cocaine
The most famous personality theory
Psychoanalysis
Freud used what experiences to create Psychoanalysis?
Experiences with patients, his analysis of his own dreams and his vast readings in the sciences and humanities
Psychodynamics
The compilation of different theories that stemmed from psychoanalysis. Focuses on past experiences and the unconscious mind.
Jean-Martin Charcot
Worked with Freud on Hypnosis in 1886
The Interpretation of Dreams (Book)
Published in 1899. Most influential book of Freud. “What if (Freud’s) dreams showcased desire”.
Born - Death of Freud
1856 in Moravia (Czech Republic) and died on 1939 in London.
Relationship with Family of Freud
Close to his mother; distant to father. Had 6 children with his wife, had a good marriage.
Evolution of the term psychoanalysis
In Freud and Breuer’s “Studies on Hysteria” the term “psychical analysis” was used which turned into the “psychoanalysis” approach
Levels of Mental Life
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious
Levels of Mental Life: Conscious
Thoughts you are aware of. Often changes to accomodate new thoughts.
Levels of Mental Life: Preconscious
Retrievable information that require specific stimulus to re-acquire into consciousness
Levels of Mental Life: Unconscious
Cannot be brought into consciousness unless uncer certain extreme situations. Vast majority of thoughts are contained here
Three Provinces of the Mind
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
Three Provinces of the Mind: Id
- Acts on aggressive and sexual impulse. (Pleasure Principle)
- Present at birth and is the selfish-primal part of a persona.
- Concerned with only pleasure and immediate personal satisfaction.
Three Provinces of the Mind: Ego
- I/You
- Develops during the first two years of life
- Based on “Reality Principle”, must keep Id in check
- Executive Self (Consciously acts)
- Tries to balance the Id and Superego
Three Provinces of the Mind: Superego
- Develops around five years of life (may not due to poor child-rearing)
- Societal (parental) values and standards
- Restriction of actions
- Guilt (if superego is not followed), Superego tells Ego to repress impulses
- “Moralistic and Idealistic Principles”
The Healthy Personality
The Ego properly balances the Id and Superego. There is constant conflict between the three.
Drives
Human behavior is motivated by “Triebe” (german) understood as “instinct, desire and impulse”.
1. Sex or Eros (Libido/Sex Drive) (Pleasure)
2. Aggression, Distraction, or Thanatos
Id’s Two Processes
Primary Process - To motive/ To want/ To desire
Secondary Process - To put into action and manifest itself in the external world
Superego’s Two Subsystems
Conscience - Lessons learned from punishment tell us what we should not do
Ego-ideal - Lessons learned from rewards tell us what we should not do
Drive (Heading): Sex
Aims for sexual pleasure. However, all sort of pleasure can be traceable to sexual drive. Sex can be: Narcissism, Love, Sadism, and Masochism
Drive: Impetus
Amount of force a drive exerts
Drive: Source
The region of the body in a state of excitation or tension
Drive: Object
Person or thing that will give pleasure to satisfy the desire
Drive: Aim
To seek pleasure to remove excitation or lessen the tension
Erogenous Zones
- Mouth (Oral)
- Anus (Anal)
- Genitals (Phallic, Yonic)
Primary Narcissism - Narcissistic Libido
Infants are self-centered and only care for themselves. Until they start to develop an interest in others due to their growing Ego. Narcissistic Libido may turn into Object Libido in early years and then during adolesence (puberty) NL may turn to OL again to improve on physical appearance.
Secondary Narcissism - Self-love
Everyone has some degree of Secondary Narcissism. You care about yourself but also others.
Eros and the 2 Types of Love
A second manifestation of Eros or Sex. ‘Tis called “love”. An interest and investment in another person or object. (The first type of love)
Overt sexual love, an aim-inhibited love comes next. (Second type of love).
Overt sexual love
Is aim-inhibited. Often, familial-sexual. Oedipus and Electra Complex.
Sadism
The desire to please sexuale pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation in another person.
Masochism
Sexual pleasure from pain and humiliation.
Anxiety
An unpleasant state with a felt physical sensation of impending danger.
Types of Anxiety
Neurotic Anxiety - Id, felt by the Ego
Moral Anxiety - Superego
Realistic Anxiety - Outer World/Society
Neurotic Anxiety
Felt by the Ego originates from the Id (impulse). The desire to destroy authority and the fear of being punished by them. Illogical/Irrational fear.
Moral Anxiety
Conflict between the ego and superego. (The fear of failing to be morally upright). First experienced at ages 5 or 6.
Realistic Anxiety
Unpleasant, nonspecific feeling involving possible realistic and objective danger.
Defense Mechanisms
Defense Mechanisms are ways to expend the “psychic energy” which is also used by the Id. No energy = no Id outbursts.
1. Repression
2. Reaction Formation
3. Displacement
4. Fixation
5. Regression
6. Projection
7. Introjection
8. Sublimation
(Honorable Mentions)
9. Denial
10. Intellectualization
11. Rationalization
12. Undoing
13. Compensation
14. Substitution
Defense Mechanism: Repression
“Most basic” defense mechanism; involved in each of the other mechanisms.
Expressed in three ways:
1. Impulses may remain unconscious.
2. Force their way into consciousness, unaltered. Causing great anxiety.
3. The repressed drive is expressed in a displaced or disguised form.
Defense Mechanism: Reaction Formation
Creation of the opposite reaction to not face anxiety-inducing reality. Chose to hate because you can never truly love.
Defense Mechanism: Displacement
Redirection/Displacement of impulses as to hide them. The term may also be used in its denotative way.
Defense Mechanism: Introjection
Feelings of inadequacy can be removed by adopting/introjecting the values, beliefs, and mannerisms of “better” people.
Defense Mechanism: Sublimation
Repression of genital aimed Eros by using a cultural or social aim. Art, Music, and Literature, but also all human relationships. However, the libido is still able to have individual erotic pleasure. We do this because they are socially acceptable actions.
Defense Mechanism: Fixation
Focusing on a past/old attachment of the libido. Change may be too anxiety-inducing and so people choose to stay in the present or past and not look into the future wherein experiences are unfamiliar.
Defense Mechanism: Regression
To seek comfort away from the new unfamiliar stimuli, the person chooses to return to old and familiar patterns of behavior to invest their libido in.
Defense Mechanism: Projection
Seeing negative traits in others that are actually yours. Severe form of Projection is Paranoia, a powerful delusion of jealousy and persecution. According to Freud, it is homosexual in nature.
Defense Mechanism: Denial
Refusal of certain facts we do not agree with, often using forgetfulness or thoughtlessness as an excuse.
Defense Mechanism: Intellectualization
The Ego removes all emotional content to dehumanize yourself before allowing the experience or thought to come into awareness.
Defense Mechanism: Rationalization
To justify failure with a socially acceptable reason instead of the real reason (that we are lacking).
Defense Mechanism: Undoing
Doing an action to “get rid of” a past action.
Defense Mechanism: Compensation
Becoming better at certain things because you aren’t good in other things to compensate.
Defense Mechanism: Substitution
You search for something that is similar to something old or you are comfortable with.
Psychosexual Stages of Development
Infantile Period
1. Oral Stage
2. Anal Stage
3. Phallic Stage
- Latency Period
- Genital Period
Psychosexual Stages of Development: Oral Stage
1 - 18 Months old.
- Mouth, Lips, and Tongue are the primary erogenous zones.
- Fixation: Traumatic experiences related to weaning or feeding problems or overgratification.
Oral Personality
- dependent on others
- excessive aggression
- infantile need for oral satisfaction (smoking, drinking, hands in mouth)
Oral Personality
- dependent on others
- excessive aggression
- infantile need for oral satisfaction (smoking, drinking, hands in mouth)
Psychosexual Stages of Development: Anal Stage
1 ½ to 3 years old.
- anus is the erogenous zone
- toilet training years
- Fixation: Toilet training may go awry
Anal Personality:
- excessively orderly and stubborn (anal retentive)
- generous (anal repulsive)
Anal Personality
- excessively orderly and stubborn (anal retentive)
- generous (anal repulsive)
Psychosexual Stages of Development: Phallic Stage
3 to 6 years old.
- Penis and Clitoris are the erogenous zones
Oedipus/Electra Complex:
- Children develop a sexual attraction for the opposite sex parent
Castration Anxiety:
- Fear of castration by the Father if son is discovered to have incestuous thoughts.
Penis Envy:
- Girls desire to have a penis; feelings of jelousy and inferiority arise due to its absence.
Oedipus/Electra Complex
Attraction to opposite sex parent
Castration Anxiety
Fear of castration by the Father if son is discovered to have incestuous thoughts.
Penis Envy
Girls’ desire to have a penis; feelings of jelousy and inferiority arise due to its absence.
Psychosexual Stages of Development: Latency Period
Before puberty, 6-12 years old.
- No sexual interest
- Boys and girls are disinterested in each other
- Focus on social and intellectual skills
Psychosexual Stages of Development: Genital Period
Puberty to Adulthood.
- Erogenous urges return and focus on the genitals.
- If person is not fixated in other stages then libido is normal and regular sexual functioning is possible.
Techniques in Freudian Psychotherapy
- Dream Analysis
- Free Association
- Freudian Slips
(Honorable Mentions) - Hypnosis
- Accidents
- Symbolic Behavior
Techniques in Freudian Psychotherapy: Dream Analysis
- “Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious”
- Dreams are a stage for expression of impulses
2 Parts of a Dream
Manifest Content: What dreamer sees and remembers
Latent Content: underlying meaning of the dream often symbolic
Dreams are wish fulfillments; Dreams are repetition compulsion (traumatic)
2 Part of A Dream
Manifest Content: What dreamer sees and remembers
Latent Content: underlying meaning of the dream often symbolic
Techniques in Freudian Psychotherapy: Free Association
To create a train of associations with whatever the patient thinks and verbalizes of at the moment.
Psychological Maturity
A stage attained if a person has finished all prior stages in an ideal manner.
Transference
The transfering of strong sexual or aggressive feeling positive or negative from the patients’ parent to the therapist.
Positive Transference: Permits patients to relive childhood experiences.
Negative Transference: Any resistance to treatment. Unconsciously tries to stop therapy.
Dream Analysis: Condensation
Unconscious material has been condensed before getting manifested.
Techniques in Freudian Psychology: Freudian Slips
Freudian Slips = Parapraxes
Everyday slips of the tongue, or pen, misreading, incorrect hearing, misplacing objects, and temporarily forgetting names or intentions.
Anna O./Bertha Pappenheim
A well-documented patient of Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud
Seduction Theory
Abandoned by Freud in 1897
