chapter 2 self

Question 1

what is the self concept?

Answer 1

defined as theoverall set of beliefsthat people have about theirpersonal attributes

Morality is viewed as central to the self-concept

Question 2

when does human self-recognition develop?

Answer 2

18 to 24 months

Question 3

name 5 circumstances in which our sense of self can break down

Answer 3

1. mirror agnosia
2. Face misidentification
3. Asomatognosia
4. Somatoparaphrenia
5. Self-misidentification

Question 4

explain the difference between asian and western culture on self-concept

Answer 4

Western Cultures:Independent view of the self
Asian and Non-western Cultures:Interdependent view of the self, which is a way of defining oneself in terms ofone’s relationships to other people

Question 5

what is choice blindness?

Answer 5

cognitive phenomenon in which people fail to accurately perceive or remember the choices they have made, even when presented with evidence that contradicts their stated decisions

case study: stockings display in mall

Question 6

when does the experience of”conscious will”occur?

Answer 6

if a thought about an action immediately precedes the action

• if the action occurs significantly after our thought, we are unlikely to feel that our thoughts cause our actions
• Causation is perceived when one event follows quickly from another

Question 7

what is introspection?

Answer 7

Looking inward to examine the ‘inside information’ that we alone have about our thoughts , feelings and motives

Question 8

what is the self-awareness theory?

Answer 8

evaluate and compare our current behavior to our internal standards and values

become self-conscious in the sense that we becomeobjective, judgmental observers of ourselves as an outside observer world

Question 9

objective self-awareness VS subjective self-awareness

Answer 9

OBJECTIVE SELF AWARENESS (OSA)

• Attention to self as object
• Created by mirrors, cameras, audiences or other self-focusing stimuli
• Increases salience of discrepancy between real self and self standard

SUBJECTIVE SELF-AWARENESS (SSA)

• Attention from self as a subject toward other objects
• Created by tasks or distractions

Question 10

explain 2 case study regarding objective self-awareness

Answer 10

1. “surgency” trait
2. trick or treat

Question 11

what is deindividuation in the dark?

Answer 11

Phenomenon in whichpeople engage in seemingly impulsive/violent/deviant behaviorin which they believe theycannot be identified

Question 12

why does deindividuation make people feelless accountable?

Answer 12

because individuals recognize there is a reduced likelihood that they will besingled out and blamed for their behavior

Question 13

why does deindividuationincrease obedience to group norms?

Answer 13

Sometimes the norms of a specific group to which we belong to conflict with the norms of other groups or of society at large. When these group members are together and deindividuated, they are more likely to adhere to group norms than to societal norms

Question 14

why does online deindivuation occur?

Answer 14

Deindividuation thrives withless physical forms of interaction, whereby people feel less inhibited about what they write because of theiranonymity

Question 15

explain case study of deindivuation in the dark

Answer 15

high % who touched accidentally & purposely, hugged another, sexually aroused, moved seat in dark room compared to light room

Question 16

why do we use introspection to figure out why we feel the way we do?

Answer 16

• Many of our mental processesoccur outside of awareness
• We are aware of the final thought of our thought processes but are unaware of the cognitive processing that led to the result

Question 17

what is the self-perception theory?

Answer 17

when ourattitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous,we infer these states byobserving our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Question 18

what is self-enhancement?

Answer 18

People like toinflate themselves, see themselves as good/desirable

e.g. Every student thought they would score above average on the midterm, 47% claimed they would solve a logic problem that only 20% of classmates can solve

Question 19

explain positive illusions

Answer 19

mentally healthy person appears to have the enviable capacity todistort realityin a direction thatenhances self-esteem, maintains beliefs in personal efficacy and promotes an optimistic view of the future

Question 20

name 4 things that self-esteem does

Answer 20

1. Make people more willing to speak up in groups
2. Increase perseverance
3. Increase happiness
4. In-group favoritism (Prejudice & Discrimination)

Question 21

what is the self-reference effect?

Answer 21

Information related to the self is more easily recalled

Question 21

describe the spotlight effect case study

Answer 21

made participants wear a very embarassing shirt and asked participants what % of the observers they thought would notice their shirt. They then also asked how many observers actually noticed the shirt

Question 22

what is the ‘end-of-history’ illusion?

Answer 22

• Participants were asked how much they think they have changed in the last 10 years
• AND how much they expect to change in the next 10 years
• Overall, people say they have changed a lot the past decade but predict they would barely change in the future
• People regard the present as awatershed momentat which they willfinally become the person they will be for the rest of their lives

Question 23

what is temporal self-comparison?

Answer 23

• Participants described themselves now and at age 16
• There was a positive bias for past self
• More people tend to view theircurrent self in a more positive light compared to in a negative light
• People also tend toview their current self in a more positive light than their old selves

Question 24

what is bias blindspot?

Answer 24

• underestimate the extent to which they recognize the bias in themselves, even when they readily recognize the biases in others
• Our own perspective is always a littleskewed and biased
• Only when we admit this can we do all the hard work to make the biases go away