chapter 2 self Flashcards
what is the self concept?
defined as theoverall set of beliefsthat people have about theirpersonal attributes
Morality is viewed as central to the self-concept
when does human self-recognition develop?
18 to 24 months
name 5 circumstances in which our sense of self can break down
- mirror agnosia
- Face misidentification
- Asomatognosia
- Somatoparaphrenia
- Self-misidentification
explain the difference between asian and western culture on self-concept
Western Cultures:Independent view of the self
Asian and Non-western Cultures:Interdependent view of the self, which is a way of defining oneself in terms ofone’s relationships to other people
what is choice blindness?
cognitive phenomenon in which people fail to accurately perceive or remember the choices they have made, even when presented with evidence that contradicts their stated decisions
case study: stockings display in mall
when does the experience of”conscious will”occur?
if a thought about an action immediately precedes the action
- if the action occurs significantly after our thought, we are unlikely to feel that our thoughts cause our actions
- Causation is perceived when one event follows quickly from another
what is introspection?
Looking inward to examine the ‘inside information’ that we alone have about our thoughts , feelings and motives
what is the self-awareness theory?
evaluate and compare our current behavior to our internal standards and values
become self-conscious in the sense that we becomeobjective, judgmental observers of ourselves as an outside observer world
objective self-awareness VS subjective self-awareness
OBJECTIVE SELF AWARENESS (OSA)
- Attention to self as object
- Created by mirrors, cameras, audiences or other self-focusing stimuli
- Increases salience of discrepancy between real self and self standard
SUBJECTIVE SELF-AWARENESS (SSA)
- Attention from self as a subject toward other objects
- Created by tasks or distractions
explain 2 case study regarding objective self-awareness
- “surgency” trait
- trick or treat
what is deindividuation in the dark?
Phenomenon in whichpeople engage in seemingly impulsive/violent/deviant behaviorin which they believe theycannot be identified
why does deindividuation make people feelless accountable?
because individuals recognize there is a reduced likelihood that they will besingled out and blamed for their behavior
why does deindividuationincrease obedience to group norms?
Sometimes the norms of a specific group to which we belong to conflict with the norms of other groups or of society at large. When these group members are together and deindividuated, they are more likely to adhere to group norms than to societal norms
why does online deindivuation occur?
Deindividuation thrives withless physical forms of interaction, whereby people feel less inhibited about what they write because of theiranonymity
explain case study of deindivuation in the dark
high % who touched accidentally & purposely, hugged another, sexually aroused, moved seat in dark room compared to light room
why do we use introspection to figure out why we feel the way we do?
- Many of our mental processesoccur outside of awareness
- We are aware of the final thought of our thought processes but are unaware of the cognitive processing that led to the result
what is the self-perception theory?
when ourattitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous,we infer these states byobserving our behavior and the situation in which it occurs
what is self-enhancement?
People like toinflate themselves, see themselves as good/desirable
e.g. Every student thought they would score above average on the midterm, 47% claimed they would solve a logic problem that only 20% of classmates can solve
explain positive illusions
mentally healthy person appears to have the enviable capacity todistort realityin a direction thatenhances self-esteem, maintains beliefs in personal efficacy and promotes an optimistic view of the future
name 4 things that self-esteem does
- Make people more willing to speak up in groups
- Increase perseverance
- Increase happiness
- In-group favoritism (Prejudice & Discrimination)
what is the self-reference effect?
Information related to the self is more easily recalled
describe the spotlight effect case study
made participants wear a very embarassing shirt and asked participants what % of the observers they thought would notice their shirt. They then also asked how many observers actually noticed the shirt
what is the ‘end-of-history’ illusion?
- Participants were asked how much they think they have changed in the last 10 years
- AND how much they expect to change in the next 10 years
- Overall, people say they have changed a lot the past decade but predict they would barely change in the future
- People regard the present as awatershed momentat which they willfinally become the person they will be for the rest of their lives
what is temporal self-comparison?
- Participants described themselves now and at age 16
- There was a positive bias for past self
- More people tend to view theircurrent self in a more positive light compared to in a negative light
- People also tend toview their current self in a more positive light than their old selves
what is bias blindspot?
- underestimate the extent to which they recognize the bias in themselves, even when they readily recognize the biases in others
- Our own perspective is always a littleskewed and biased
- Only when we admit this can we do all the hard work to make the biases go away
