Chapter 2 Research

Question 1

propose theory, then test it and see if data supports it

Answer 1

theory data cycle

Question 2

set of propositions about what people do and why, hypothetical explanation of natural phenomena

Answer 2

theory

Question 3

observations from study, usually numerical

Answer 3

data

Question 4

when a study is carried out multiple times to see if similar results

Answer 4

replication

Question 5

group studied in research

Answer 5

sample

Question 6

method of choosing participants without bias

Answer 6

random sampling

Question 7

observes subjects in ordinary environment

Answer 7

naturalistic observation

Question 8

method that simply assesses variables

Answer 8

descriptive

Question 9

method that looks at relationships of variables

Answer 9

correlational

Question 10

method for finding causes and their effects

Answer 10

experimental

Question 11

assesses how well variables were operationalized

Answer 11

construct validity

Question 12

measures consistency in results of an experiment

Answer 12

reliability

Question 13

how well a sample study results represent the population of interest

Answer 13

external validity

Question 14

study’s ability to rule out alternate explanations for a relationship between variables

Answer 14

internal validity

Question 15

alternative explanation for a relationship between two variables that occurs when two different groups have another difference besides independent variable

Answer 15

confound

Question 16

participant responses, describes scores

Answer 16

descriptive statistics

Question 17

measures magnitude of relationship between manipulated and measured variables

Answer 17

effect size

Question 18

dispersion of data relative to mean value

Answer 18

standard deviation

Question 19

degree to which data is scattered

Answer 19

variability

Question 20

use sample studies to make inferences about general population

Answer 20

inferential statistics

Question 21

process to evaluate whether results are accurate to the general population

Answer 21

statistical significance

Question 22

assumption of no relationship between variables

Answer 22

null hypothesis

Question 23

finding considered statistically significant that doesn’t reflect an actual effect

Answer 23

false positive

Question 24

sharing experiments, data, results etc. for collaboration, etc.

Answer 24

open science

Question 25

makes hypothesis and data public for verification by others

Answer 25

preregistration

Question 26

body governing whether an experiment studying humans is ethical

Answer 26

IRB

Question 27

reviews experimental proposals and their treatment involving animals

Answer 27

IACUC

Question 28

bar graph that shows the frequency of score distribution

Answer 28

frequency distribution

Question 29

combines results with studies that have same variables

Answer 29

meta-analysis

Question 30

informed consent, no coercion (including too much money offered), protection from harm, risk-benefit analysis, deception (no information about what procedure is studying), debriefing, confidentiality

Answer 30

APA code of ethics

Question 31

making concepts into something measurable or observable (having clear definitions for a studied behavior)

Answer 31

operational definitions

Question 32

variables appear to have causal relationship but don’t

Answer 32

spurious correlations

Question 33

cues revealing experimental expectations to research participants

Answer 33

demand characteristics

Question 34

systematic effect on participant performance

Answer 34

bias

Question 35

both investigator and participant are blind to nature of treatment that participant receives

Answer 35

double blind study