Chapter 2 Psychological Research Designs

Question 0

First type of non-expiremental design; go into some sort of natural environment and observe; people who use this most are developmental psychologists
Advantage-high external validity (may be applied to general population)
Disadvantage- low internal validity (no cause and effect)

Answer 0

Naturalistic Observation

Question 1

more specific type of naturalistic observation (around 5 to 10); basically long term study of one person or very few people (up to 10) typical length of study ranges from 10 to 20 year. Used for 3 typical things; Severe psychological disorder, twin studies and adoption studies
Allows us to study rare phenomena that are difficult to recreate in a lab. 3 major disadvantages; death, people may pull out at any time, and generalizability

Answer 1

Case Study

Question 2

Researcher is studying the relationship between 2 variables. Relationships between depression and suicide; bipolar and violent crimes; they can be positive negative or zero

Answer 2

Correlation Designs

Question 3

What are 3 types of correlation designs?

Answer 3

Positive, negative and zero

Question 4

Correlations range in value from______(___ ___) to _____(___ ___).

Answer 4

+1.0 (perfect positive)

-1.0 (perfect negative)

Question 5

Weak and strong values of correlations are

Answer 5

strong re greater than.5, weak is less than.5 (pos\neg)

Question 6

scatter plot that starts top left and goes down
scatter plot that has no line
scatter plot that starts bottom left and goes up right

Answer 6

negative
zero
positive

Question 7

Believing that there is a statistical correlation between 2 variables when there isn’t

Answer 7

Illusory Correlation
Ex. Full moon and strange behavior
Ex. Joint pain and weather change

Question 8

Correlation VS Causation

Answer 8

Correlation relationships between 2 variables

Causation is cause and effect; because this happened, this is the result

Question 9

Why can’t we say one thing causes another based on correlational research?

Answer 9

Because there could be 3 variables involved, you would have to do an expirement

Question 10

What are some qualities of Expiremental Designs?

Answer 10

They do allow us to make cause and effect influences

To qualify as an “expirement” the design must consist of random assignment and manipulation of an independent variable

Question 11

A way to randomly place the research expirements into groups

Answer 11

Random Assignment

Question 12

Group that receives independent variable

Answer 12

Experimental Group

Question 13

Group that does not receive the independent variable

Answer 13

Control Group

Question 14

What they are measuring or studying in order to see if the manipulation had an effect

Answer 14

Dependent Variable

Question 15

Variable the experimenter manipulates

Answer 15

Independent Variable

Question 16

Happens when a symptom improves or when something has an effect on a person because its expected

Answer 16

The Placebo Effect

Question 17

Harm that results from the expectation of harm, when in reality nothing painful is going on

Answer 17

The Nocebo Effect
Ex. Students who were told an electric current being passed through there heads might result in a headache, deveoped headaches

Question 18

Happens when researcher unintentionally biases the outcome of their experiment to support their hypthesis

Answer 18

The Experimenter Expectancy Effect (Rosenthal Effect)
(Can be avoided by doing a double blind experiment. Neither researcher or patients know the control group from the experimental group)

Question 19

Acting different because they are being watched

Answer 19

Hawthorne Effect

Question 20

A cue the participant picks up on during the experiment to help them guess what the hypothesis is

Answer 20

Influenced by demand characteristics

Question 21

How do you minimize influences by demand characteristics?

Answer 21

1. ) Covert observation where researcher is hiding, you can’t see them
2. ) Participant observation, where the researcher pretends to be a participant

Question 22

Why is it necessary to ensure that researchers use random selection?

Answer 22

To ensure that results are generalizable to the population

Question 23

A way to select your participants so that every single person in the population has the same chance to get picked in the study

Answer 23

Random Selection

Question 24

Difference between random selection and random assignment

Answer 24

Random Selection - deals with how you choose your participants before anything starts
Random Assignment - happens after the study

Question 25

Concerns whether or not your test actually measures what it is supposed to measure

Answer 25

Validity

Question 26

Concerns whether the results are consistent across different times and different measures

Answer 26

Reliability

Question 27

How many types of reliability are there, and what are they?

Answer 27

2. Retest- take a test, then take it again but do everything the same, study the same material and spend the same amount of time studying, and you will receive a similar result

Question 28

Multiple people scoring the same test, they all should give the test a similar score

Answer 28

Interrator Reliability

Question 29

What are the advantages and disadvantages to a self survey?

Answer 29

Advantage-less work, and much easier
Disadvantage-You assume people know enough about themselves to answer questions correctly. (people lie and distort their answers)

Question 30

Making yourself seem better than you actually are

Answer 30

Positive Impression Management

Question 31

Trying to make yourself look worse

Answer 31

Malingering

Question 32

Someone rates you positive in one area so they continue to rate you positive in all areas

Answer 32

Halo Effect

Question 33

Someone rates you bad in one way so they continue to rate you bad in all ways

Answer 33

Horns Effect

Question 34

Tendency to give over generous ratings to people we like regardless of their true performance

Answer 34

Leniency Effect

Question 35

Studied effects of syphilis on the body if left untreated. Needed a sample of African American men. Long term case study. Men reported to lab 2-3 times a week, but they did not know they had been tested positive for syphilus

Answer 35

Tuskegee Study

Question 36

What are some ethical problems with the tuskegee study?

Answer 36

They let them die, they did not inform them that they had syphilis, they did not tell them what they were studying, and they allowed them to spread it around

Question 37

What must all studies be presented to involving ethical issues?

Answer 37

Institution Review Board

Question 38

What are Institution Review Boards usually made up of?

Answer 38

University faculty, members from various departments, as well as a few outside members of the community

Question 39

Goal of Institution review board?

Answer 39

To protect people from mental and/or physical harm

Question 40

Have to tell participants every single thing that is going to happen to them in the experiment; Inform them that at times in therapy if they aren’t doing their work they must be confronted; Have to tell them if anything may make them uncomfortable on survey and inform them that they can drop out at anytime; Must answer all questions

Answer 40

Informed Consent

Question 41

After the experiment was over with, before they can leave you must explain the purpose of the study, why you did what you did, if you used any deceit (lies) how and why, any questions they have you must answer, and you must make sure they are okay before they leave

Answer 41

Debriefing