Chapter 2: Psych Research

Question 1

observable realities

Answer 1

facts

Question 2

personal judgements, conclusions, attitudes

Answer 2

opinions

Question 3

2 types of reasoning

Answer 3

deductive and inductive

Question 4

type of reasoning in which ideas are tested in the real world

Answer 4

deductive reasoning

Question 5

type of reasoning in which real-world observations lead to new ideas

Answer 5

inductive

Question 6

hypothesis > empirical observations

Answer 6

deductive reasoning

Question 7

empirical observations > hypothesis

Answer 7

inductive reasoning

Question 8

well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Answer 8

theory

Question 9

testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct

Answer 9

hypothesis

Question 10

theory>hypothesis>data>analyzing data> summarize data and report findings > confirm theory or modify theory

Answer 10

cycle of testing of hypothesis

Question 11

research is dependent on what

Answer 11

falsability

Question 12

capable of being shown to be incorrect

Answer 12

falsifiable

Question 13

when an observer focuses on one person or just a few individuals

Answer 13

clinical or case studies

Question 14

con of case studies

Answer 14

not able to generalize

Question 15

observing behavior in a natural setting

Answer 15

naturalistic observation

Question 16

cons of naturalistic observation

Answer 16

difficult to set up or control
observer bias
inter-rater reliability

Question 17

list of qs to be answered by research participants

Answer 17

surveys

Question 18

cons of surveys

Answer 18

not a lot of depth of info
people don’t give accurate responses

Question 19

subset of individuals selected from a population

Answer 19

sample

Question 20

overall group of individuals researchers are interested in

Answer 20

population

Question 21

looking at past records or data sets to look for patterns or relationships

Answer 21

archival research

Question 22

cons of archival research

Answer 22

no control of what info is collected
no guarantee of consistency

Question 23

research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time

Answer 23

longitudinal or cross-sectional research

Question 24

cons of longitudinal or cross-sectional research

Answer 24

great time and money investment
participants might drop out of research

Question 25

reduction in the number of research participants due to dropouts

Answer 25

attrition

Question 26

number from -1 to +1 that indicates strength and direction of relationship between variables; usually represented by letter ‘r’

Answer 26

correlation coefficient

Question 27

closer to 1

Answer 27

strong relationship

Question 28

closer to 0

Answer 28

weak relationship

Question 29

variables move in same direction

Answer 29

positive correlation

Question 30

variables move in opposite directions

Answer 30

negative correlation

Question 31

having a hunch and looking for evidence to support that hunch

Answer 31

confirmation bias

Question 32

ability to consistently produce a given result

Answer 32

reliability

Question 33

extent to which a given instrument or tool accurately measures what its supposed to measure

Answer 33

validity

Question 34

research involving human participants requires:

Answer 34

approval from IRB, informed consent, voluntary, confidential, debriefing