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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE > CHAPTER 2 POPULATION AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 POPULATION AND COMMUNITY DYNAMICS Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A group of interacting organisms of the SAME SPECIES living in a particular space

A

Population

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2
Q

Vary in size and character depending on the limits of space that they occupy

A

Population

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3
Q

Traits of Population?

A
  1. Particular gene flow as a result of inbreeding
  2. Has a life of its own, it establishes itself, grows, reaches a dynamic equilibrium, and declines
  3. Has a unique ways of allotting resources (eg. Food, space, mate)
  4. Able to regulate its own growth
  5. May have social behavior and cooperate for defense, nesting or hunting
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4
Q

A population can be characterized by its pattern of distribution or dispersion,dispersal, density and age structure.

A

True

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5
Q

The position or spacing of members of a population relative to their neighbors.

A

Dispersion

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6
Q

3 patterns of distribution?

A

Uniform distribution,
Random distribution
Clumped distribution

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7
Q

Occurs when individuals are more or less evenly distributed and happens when there is interspecific competition between individuals

A

Uniform distribution

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8
Q

Occurs when the presence of one individual does not influence others such as that the position of each individual is independent of the other and happen in a population where there is neither mutual attraction nor repulsion from territoriality

A

Random distribution

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9
Q

Aggregated, contagious, under dispersed and due to patchiness of environmental resources like food, moisture and habitat

A

Clumped distribution

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10
Q

Give an example of uniform distribution

A

Examples
Ø Birds are evenly distributed due to territorial habits
Ø Reptiles defend their exclusive territories
Ø Plants are evenly distributed to minimize competition of nutrients and sunlight

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11
Q

Give an example of random distribution

A

the randomly distribution of spiders and arthropods
in the forest floor

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12
Q

Give an example of clumped distribution

A

Examples: flock of birds, herd of cattle, school of fish, bed of flowers

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13
Q

When animal population increases, food resources become scarce resulting to intraspecific competition

A

Dispersal

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14
Q

Few individuals may evade such unfavorable condition by moving away and seeking better habitats called ?

A

Population dispersal

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15
Q

• The movement of individuals from a home site or birthplace to a new place
•It has a positive effect on the population as it decreases competition and eases pressure on feeding sites; inbreeding is also reduced

A

Dispersal

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16
Q

The movement of individuals from one place to another

A

Migration

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17
Q

The act of moving out from their original palce

A

Emigration

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18
Q

The movement of coming into or joining a population

A

Immigration

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19
Q

Migration has direct effect on population growth or
decline depending on the balance between emigration
and immigration

A

True

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20
Q

This are net increase in population

A

Greater immigration

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21
Q

This are net decrease in population

A

Greater emigration

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22
Q

The increase in number of individuals in a particular aggregation

A

Population growth

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23
Q

What are the three major factors of population growth?

A

Natality, mortality and survivorship

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24
Q

The growth is also facilitated by external factors like favorable climatic condition, elimination of natural enemies, nutritional quality

A

True

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25
Q

Indicates production of new individuals per unit time under a particular set of ecological condition

A

Natality

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26
Q

This is usually expressed in rate (birth rate)

A

Natality

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27
Q

Example: 600 births in an animal population during a particular year so,600 per year or 50 per month. What is this?

A

Natality

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28
Q

In human demography (study of human population), it is usually expressed as the number of individuals born per 1,000 individuals per unit time

A

Crude birth rate

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29
Q

CBR = Number of births
/ Midyear total population x 1,000

A

Natality

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30
Q

The number of individuals dying per unit of time, caused by unfavorable environmental conditions, by diseases, by predators or by competition

A

Mortality

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31
Q

This is usually expressed in rate (death rate) – number of dying individuals per 1,000 population per year

A

Mortality

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32
Q

The percentage of individuals living at various ages in a population

A

Survivorship

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33
Q

It is a percent of surviving individuals from birth to death of the last individual in a ____ ?

A

CONSTRUCTED SURVIVORSHIP CURVE

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34
Q

What are the 3 types of survivorship curves?

A

Type I convex curve
Type II – diagonal curve
Type III concave curve.

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35
Q

____. It occurs in population with high survival rate throughout the life span of the species
and heavy mortality once they reach the point of physiological longevity

A

Type I convex curve

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36
Q

___ populations with a constant death (mortality) rate

A

Type II diagonal curve

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37
Q

___ This occurs in population with high mortality rate at early stages of life of the
individuals followed by a relatively low death rate among the survivors

A

Type llI concave curve

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38
Q

Under such conditions, survivorship is 100% until they
reach their physiological longevity

A

the biotic potential of a population.

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39
Q

In an _______ the population increases rapidly at faster and faster rates because all the added individuals also produces their young.

A

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH CURVE

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40
Q

In real world, a LOGISTIC GROWTH CURVE or SIGMOID CURVE is more common

A

True

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41
Q

_____ has an initial phase as slow population growth corresponding to the establishment of the population

A

S shaped curve

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42
Q

The last phase reaches a dynamic equilibrium close to or at the level called the ____ of the environment

A

CARRYING CAPACITY

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43
Q

____ is the maximum level of population that a given habitat
can sustain indefinitely without sacrificing the integrity of the same resource to regenerate

A

Carrying capacity

44
Q

If a single bacterium is allowed to grow indefinitely following the exponential growth rate, it can produce a biomass as big as the earth in less than a year. But this does not happen because of environmental resistance

A

True

45
Q

_____ environmental factors whose effects vary proportionately to the size of the population (biotic factors).

A

Density dependent factors

46
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

a. Predation
b. Parasitism
c. Dispersal and immigration
d. Intraspecific competition
e. Physiological and psychological stress

47
Q

_____ affect population regardless of the
number of individuals present (abiotic factors)

A

Density independent factors

48
Q

Climatic Factors

A

a. Rainfall
b. Drought
c. Extreme temperature
d. Photoperiod

49
Q

Anthropogenic Factors

A

a. Destruction of habitat
b. Land cultivation
c. Pesticides
d. Persistent toxic substances

50
Q

By nature, individuals rarely exist as single populations, they
aggregate into a ____

A

Community

51
Q

_____ an assemblage of species populations that occur together in space and time

A

Community

52
Q

The individual property of the . component populations of a
community?

A

COLLECTIVE PROPERTY

53
Q

The property that will emerge in a c o m m u n i t y b e c a u s e o f t h e interactions among its components

A

EMERGENT PROPERTY

54
Q

A community is said to be AUTOTROPHIC if it can produce its
own energy needs?

A

True

55
Q

A forest is an autotrophic community ?

A

True

56
Q

A stream traversing a tropical forest is?

A

HETEROTROPHIC

57
Q

It is measured in terms of both Species Richness and Evenness of Distribution of individuals per species

A

SPECIES DIVERSITY

58
Q

_____ not limited to diversity of species alone but also
include variety of life forms, ecological functions and genetic
variations

A

BIODIVERSITY

59
Q

Dominant species are those that may be numerous, possess the highest amount of biomass, occupy the largest space, or have the greatest influence or control over the activities in the community?

A

SPECIES DOMINANCE

60
Q

Capacity of a community to recover from an environmental and anthropogenic disturbances.

A

PERSISTENCE

61
Q

Capacity of the community to continue and remain stable even in the presence of some disturbances

A

RESILIENCE

62
Q

In _____ vertical stratification is manifested by its
different layers of vegetation that harbors a variety of animal life

A

terrestrial biomes

63
Q

In ____ such as lakes and oceans, vertical stratification is determined by light penetration, temperature profile and oxygen profile

A

aquatic ecosystem

64
Q

___ the upper layer of water which
receives higher amount of light and Ps > Rn,
______the lower depth where little or no light penetration and Ps < Rn; LIGHT

A

PHOTIC/EUPHOTIC ZONE
APHOTIC ZONE

65
Q

____ boundary where light is just sufficient to balance Ps and Rn

A

COMPENSATION POINT

66
Q

With respect to temperature, upper depth of water is relatively high in temperature, called _____ while lower layer is relatively cooler called ____

A

EPILIMNION and HYPOLIMNION

67
Q

The zone where epilimnion and hypolimnion meet and characterized by abrupt change of temperature ____

A

THERMOCLINE

68
Q

____ the upper layer of water which receives higher concentration of oxygen

A

AEROBIC/OXIC ZONE

69
Q

___ the lower depth where little or devoid of oxygen

A

ANAEROBIC/ANOXIC ZONE

70
Q

• Manifested by a mosaic pattern creating horizontal patchiness that adds the complexity of the environment
• Influence by both environmental and biological factors
• Species are clustered in areas where conditions are favorable, zonation happens when climatic and soil factors retard vegetative growth

A

Horizontal Stratification

71
Q

The place where two communities meet is their ____ while the area where the two communities blend is the ____

A

Edge
Ecotone

72
Q

The gradual series of change in composition and function
of the community____.

A

ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION

73
Q

____ community develops from a site never before occupied
by life (lahar deposits) as against the succession on
disturbed land

A

Primary vs. Secondary Succession

74
Q

____ stages of ecological succession

A

Sere

75
Q
  • the final stage of the succession
  • self-generating, self-regulating
  • resilient and persistent
  • TRF
A

CLIMAX COMMUNITY

76
Q

There are two basic categories of communities:

A

Terrestrial and aquatic

77
Q

These two basic types of community contain
eight smaller units known as____

A

Biomes

78
Q

____ is a large-scale category containing
many communities of a similar nature, whose
distribution is largely controlled by climate

A

Biome

79
Q

Its tundra, grassland, desert, taiga, temperate forest, tropical forest abd these are part of _____ Biomes

A

Terrestrial Biomes

80
Q

The _________ biomes occupy the most extreme environments, with little or no moisture and extremes of temperature acting as harsh selective agents on organisms that occupy these areas..

A

tundra and desert

81
Q

____ have the fewest numbers of species
due to the stringent environmental conditions.

A

tundra and desert

82
Q

_____ occur in regions near the equator. The climate is always warm (between 20° and 25° C) with plenty of rainfall (at least 190 cm/year).

A

Tropical rain forests

83
Q

_____ probably the richest biome, both in diversity and
in total biomass.

A

(tropical) Rain forest

84
Q

More than half of all terrestrial species live in this biome.

A

Tropical rain forest

85
Q

Tropical Rain Forests -usual forest found in the Philippines

A

True

86
Q

_____ occurs south of the taiga in eastern North
America, eastern Asia, and much of Europe.

A

Temperate forest biome

87
Q

Rainfall is abundant (30-80 inches/year; 75-150 cm) and there is a well- defined growing season of between 140 and 300 days.

A

Temperate forest

88
Q

_____ is dominated by shrubs with small but thick
evergreen leaves that are often coated with a thick, waxy cuticle, and with thick underground stems that survive the dry summers and frequent fires. It is also occur in parts of South America, western Australia, central Chile, and around the Mediterranean Sea.

A

Shrubland biome

89
Q

Dense shrubland in California, where the summers are hot and very dry, is known as ____

A

Chaparral

90
Q

occur in temperate and tropical areas with reduced rainfall (10-30 inches per year) or prolonged dry seasons

A

Grasslands

91
Q

____ are almost entirely devoid of trees, and can support large herds of grazing animals.

A

Grasslands

92
Q

_____ is a type of grassland biome characterized by scattered trees

A

Savanna

93
Q

______ are characterized by dry conditions (usually less than 10 inches per year; 25 cm) and a wide temperature range.

A

Desserts

94
Q

Most deserts occur at latitudes of 30o N or S where descending air masses are dry. Some deserts occur in the rain shadow of tall mountain ranges or in coastal areas near cold offshore currents.

A

True

95
Q

What are the biomes under terrestrial?

A

Tropical rain forest
Temperate forest
Shrubland
Grassland
Dessert
Taiga (boreal forest)
Tundra

96
Q

____ a coniferous forest extending across most of the northern area of northern Eurasia and North America.

A

Taiga (boreal Forest)

97
Q

_____ receives between 10 and 40 inches of rain per year and has a short growing season. Winters are cold and short, while summers tend to be cool.

A

Taiga (boreal Forest)

98
Q

____ defined as a biome with a subarctic climate and a predominance of coniferous trees. The_____ is characterized by long, cold winters and short, cool summers

A

Taiga
Subartic climate

99
Q

This biome receives about 20 cm (8-10 inches) of rainfall annually. Snow melt makes water plentiful during summer months.

A

Tundra

100
Q

______ a cold, treeless biome found in the attic and on the tops of mountains

A

Tundra

101
Q

What are the biomes under aquatic?

A

Freshwater
Marine

102
Q

The ______ contains more dissolved minerals than the freshwater biome.

A

Marine biome

103
Q

Over 70% of the Earth’s surface is covered in water, by far the vast majority of that being saltwater.

A

True

104
Q

two basic categories to this marine biome:

A

Benthic and pelagic

105
Q

The upper 200 meters of the water column is the _____ to which light can penetrate.

A

Euphoric zone

106
Q

The ____ is subdivided into two zones: running waters
and standing waters.

A

Freshwater biome

107
Q

The upper layers have abundant oxygen, the lowermost layers are oxygen-poor.

A

True

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (6 decks)

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