CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
What are the Environmental Dilemmas ?
– population
– food shortages
– energy
– pollution
The study of how humans interact
with their environment
Environmental Science
The total of our surroundings
Environment
What are all the things around us with which we
interact:
• Living things
-Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.
• Nonliving things
-Continents, oceans, clouds, soil,
rocks
• Our built environment
-Buildings, human-created living
centers
• Social relationships and institutions
___is the study how we and other species interact with one another and with the non-living environment.
Environmental science
Environmental science and the issues that it studies are complex and i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y ,
m e a n i n g i t incorporates concepts and ideas from multiple fields of study. T or F ?
True
Environmental protection starts by creating
awarenes:
It is very important for every person for self-
fulfillment and social development. T or F ?
True
Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:
It helps to understand different food chains
and ecological balance in nature. It helps to understand and appreciate how the environment is used for making a living
and for promoting a material culture.
True
Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:
It helps in appreciating and enjoying nature
and society.
It generates concern for the changing
environment in a systematic manner for the
future as well as immediate welfare of mankind
True
Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:
It directs attention towards population
explosion, exhaustion of natural resources and
pollution of environment and throws light on
solutions.
True
“To develop a world population that is aware of and concerned about environment as a whole and the problems associated with it, and committed to work individually as well as collectively towards solutions of current
problems and prevention of future problems”
Goals of Environmental education
What are Primary Objectives of Speak Awareness in Environmental Science?
Skill, Participation and Evaluation ability
Acquire skills for identifying and solving
environmental problems.
Skill
To provide an opportunity to be
actively involved at all levels in working
towards the solution of environmental problems.
Participation
Develop the ability to
evaluate environmental measures and
education programmes in terms of ecological,
economic, social and aesthetic factors.
Evaluation ability
This is concerned with the environmental disturbances and the minimization of their impacts through changes in the society
Environmental Studies
It deals with the study of the processes in water, air, soil and organisms which lead to pollution or environmental
damage and to know a scientific basis for establishing a standard which can be considered acceptably clean, safe and healthy for human beings and the natural ecosystems
Environmental Science
This is the study of the technical processes
which are used to minimise the pollution and
assess their impact on the environment
Environmental Engineering
What are the environmental education programmes ?
Environmental studies ,environmental science and environmental engineering
The term ecology was introduced by the German biologist_____ in 1866.
Ernst Heinrich Haeckel
The term ecology , it is derived from the Greek ____ and ____ ?
oikos and logy
What is Oikos?
What is Logy ?
Oikos is household
Logy is study of or science of.
The term _____ was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866; it is derived from the Greek oikos
(“household”), and “logy” = study of or science of, sharing the
same root word as economics. Thus, the term implies the study of
the economy of nature.
Ecology
The study of earth’s households including plants, animals, microorganisms, and people that live together as interdependent component
Ecology
Study of the relationship of organisms with their environment and it can be viewed as the study of structure and function of nature
Ecology
it concerned not only on organisms but also with energy flows and material cycles on the land, in the ocean, in the air and in freshwaters
Ecology
Includes all the physical (external) factors and
biological conditions under which an organism lives
Environment
The physical environment includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere. The biological environment includes organisms of the same kind as well as other plants and animals.
Environment
The physical environment includes?
light and heat or
solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere
Ecology forms the core of Environmental Science
True
What are the ecological levels of organization ?
Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
_____ is the specific place where an organism lives
together with all the conditions present in it
Habitat
Individuals of the same kind make up the ____
Species
The same species live together in the same area at a given time comprise a ____
Population
Populations of all plants, animals and microorganisms living and interacting together in one area at a particular time
make up a ___
Community
The various species populations of the community
interacting with ach other and with the physical
environment and exchanging matter and energy make
up the _____
Ecosystem
Ecosystems are either terrestrial or aquatic.
True
Terrestrial ecosystems present in large geographical
area having similar vegetation types make up the ____
Biome
The biome together with the aquatic ecosystems of the
world comprise the ____
Biosphere
In addressing environmental concerns and resource
management issues, the _______ is the smallest
ecological unit studied as a whole (e.g. decaying log, a
pond, a lake, an agricultural field, or a forest)
Ecosystem
One fundamental idea to remember in studying an
ecosystem is the concept of SYSTEM
True
_____ is a collection of interdependent parts
functioning as a whole
System
_____ an assemblage of interacting components
forming a functional unit and separated from its
surrounding by a boundary
System
3 types of system
Open system, closed system and isolated system
The earth is a _____ in terms of
matter. No new elements are added to what the
earth already has. The elements just cycle on
earth
Closed system
In terms of energy, the earth is an ______ . It receives solar energy from the sun. There is one way flow of energy from the sun to the earth. The energy does not go back to the
sun
Open system
An ecosystem and other living systems
are OPEN systems.
True
There is continuous exchange of matter
and energy between an open system and
the environment and maintained by a
balanced exchange of matter and energy
with the environment
True
A network consisting of organisms, their environment,
and all of the interactions that exist in that
environment
Ecosystems
Give the two types of ecosystem with example
Simple ecosystem
- rock with lichens growing on it
Complex ecosystem
- pond or tropical rainforest
What are the Components of ecosystem?
Biotic and abiotic components
ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE: Two components of Ecosystem
ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS
Under ABIOTIC factors?
- Precipitation
- Temperature
- Sunlight
- Humidity levels
- Availability of oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
- Phosphorus
- Nitrogen
Under BIOTIC FACTORS ?
a. The living components of the ecosystem - the organisms
b. Organization of the biotic factors
What are the Organization of the biotic factors?
Species, populations and communities
1 . _____ different kinds of organisms that live together
in a given geographic region
2. _____ the number of individuals of a given species
living in the given geographic region
3._____ The populations of species that are living
together in the given geographic region
- Species
- Populations
- Communities
_____ refers to how parts or components
are organized and the way they fit together or
relate to each other to make a whole
Structure
What are the organization of life?
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
*Any level of the hierarchy controls the levels below that component
*Ecosystem regulates or control all other components or levels below it
Concept of Hierarchal Control
As components combine to produce larger functional wholes in a hierarchical series, a new properties emerged.
Principles of Integrative Approach
As we move from organismic system to population system to ecosystems, a
new characteristics developed that were not present or evident at the
next level below
Principles of Integrative Approach
Example of Principles of Integrative Approach
Death rate, birth rate
The actual real estate that the organism owns. The kind of neighborhood the organism lives in
Habitat
What the organism does for a living
How the organism gets its energy
Niche
Two types of organisms competition gets its energy
Interspecific competition
Intraspecific competition
Refers to competition between different species for food
Interspecific competition
Refers to competition between members of the same species for food
Intraspecific competition
What are the types of niches ?
Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism
To capture and consumption of organisms by other
organisms to sustain life
Predation
_____ is an association between two different kinds of
non-parasitic animals, called ____, that is harmless to
both and in which one of the organism benefits
Commensalism
_____ is a symbiosis that results in mutual benefit to the
interdependent organisms
Mutualism
It is also known as antagonistic symbiosis, one
organism receives no benefits and is often injured while
supplying nutrients or shelter for the other organism
Parasitism
What are the Types of species interactions?
Neutral
Commensalism
Mutualism
Predation and parasitism
1.______neither species directly affect the
other.
2. ____ one species benefits, the other
is not affected (birds nest in trees)
3. ____ symbiotic relationship where both
spp. Benefit
4.____ one species benefits, the
other is harmed
- Neutral
- Commensalism
- Mutualism
- Predation and parasitism
Types of Species interaction.
Mutualism
Commensalism
Competition
Predation, parasitism, herbivory
- +/+ , both species benefit
from interaction. - +/0, one species benefits,
one unaffected - -/-, each species
affected negatively - +/-, one species benefits,
one is disadvantaged
- Mutualism
- Commensalism
- Competition
- Predation, parasitism, herbivory
Energy from the sun is the driving force of the
ecosystem.
Ecology function
The two processes of energy flow and nutrient cycles
are normally called the____
ENERGY FUNCTIONS
Its a order in which organisms in an ecosystem
are consumed and the way energy goes from one living thing to another through food
Food chains
It is made of many food chains in a
community of plants and animals.
Food web
What are the types of food chains?
Grazer food chain
Decomposer food chain
What are the Two major parts to the grazer food chain:
Producers and consumers
_____ those organisms that photosynthesize and store more energy in food than they consume
Producers
____ those organisms that do not
photosynthesize and must eat other organisms
for energy
Consumers
What are the Types of consumers:
Heterotrophs
Herbivores
Carnivorse
Omnivores
These organisms that must eat other organisms for food. Example: bacteria, protozoa, fungi
Heterotrophs
These are plant eaters, example rabbit , chicken, and panda.
Herbivores
These organism are flesh eaters. Example: lion, tigers,leopards
Carnivores
These organism both plant and flesh eaters. Example: humans, ants, bear, cat
Omnivores
Classify the consumers by their position in the food chain
- Primary consumers eat producers
- Secondary consumers eat primary consumers
Refers to level the organism occupies in the food chain.
Trophic level
List the Tropic level
a.First trophic level - producer
b. Second trophic level - primary consumer
What are the tropic levels?
Primary producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Quarternary consumer
Example of species under Grassland Biome:
Grass
Grasshopper
Rat
Snake
Hawk
Example of species under pond biome:
Algae
Mosquito larva
Dragonfly lawa
Fish
Raccoon
Example of species under ocean biome:
Phytoplankton
Zooplanktob
Fish
Seal
White shark
Refers to the capacity to do work
Energy
What are the of Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law - Conservation of Energy
Second Law - Entropy
Third Law - energy is degraded (lost)
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only
transformed from one form to another
First Law - Conservation of Energy
As energy is lost, matter becomes more and more
disorganized with less energy trapped within
Second Law - Entropy
energy is degraded (lost) when it changes
form (never 100% of energy is transformed)
Third Law
___ photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs form
the wide base of chemical energy on which all other
organisms depend.
Producers
___ heterotrophs utilize organic matter
produced by other living things. They may be organized
into the following trophic levels.
Consumers
_____ organisms whic form the second trophic level, feed on plants or algae (or some other producer).
Primary consumers or herbivores
___ comprise the third trophic level or higher. In the web of life animals eating other animals (snakes eating birds eating insects) may produce several additional trophic levels.
Secondary consumers or carnivores
____ are an essential part of all ecosystems. Fungi, bacteria, and some protists ensure that essential molecules cycle back to producers. These important chemicals include ammonia, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, and phosphate.
Decomposers or saprobes
Only 10% of energy is transferred from one
trophic level to the next
Conclusion about energy flow in the ecosystem:
“The total amount of energy in any given
trophic level of the food chain gets smaller
and smaller as one progresses up the food
chain”
RULE OF 10
The flow of energy in the ecosystem starts with the
fixation of sunlight by the plants in the process of ____
photosynthesis
Energy accumulated is called _____ since it’s the first step in energy storage
Primary production
The rate at which energy is fixed is called _____ (wt/area/time) g/m2/week
PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY
Refers to rate of conversion of sunlight to chemical energy
Sugar
What are 2 units of energy
Calorie and kilocalorie
Refers to amount of heat energy it takes to
warm one gram of water one degree centigrade
Calorie
Refers to:
a. 1000 calories
b. The unit of energy used in biological systems
Kilocalorie
Productivity measured in three different ways:
Gross Primary Productivity - GPP
Respiration rate of producers - R
Net Primary Productivity - NPP
Its the rate at which sunlight is converted to chemical energy and its Kilocalories/square meter/year.
Gross Primary Productivity - GPP
Refers to Energy used by producers for metabolismand This is the energy necessary to maintain life for producer
Respiration rate of producers - R
The Amount of energy stored by plantsand the energy remaining after respiration and stored as organic matter
Net Primary Productivity - NPP
u l t i m a t e p r o d u c t o f
photosynthesis is not the only organic
compounds stored in the plant tissues
Glucose
What are the organic compounds?
nitrogen ,phosphorus, calcium, magnesium
Tissues and organs of plants measured in weights per unit area.
PLANT BIOMASS
The amount of energy and nutrients for herbivores and decomposers.
PHYTOMASS
The dry weight of all the living organisms at any given trophic level.
Biomass
Each trophic level contains less and less biomass as one proceeds up the food chain
True
The number of individual organisms decreases at each trophic level as one progresses up the food chain
Flow of numbers of individuals in the ecosystem
Three pyramids can be visualized as it relates to the
trophic levels of the food web:
a. Pyramid of Energy
b. Pyramid of Biomass
c. Pyramid of Numbers
“As the trophic level increases in number
the amount of energy, amount of
biomass, and the number of individual
organisms DECREASE”
True
certain pollutants become concentrated as they pass
through the pyramid
Biological Magnification
Example: DDT and its effect on calcium
metabolism in birds
*Inability to make viable egg shells was the
result, and it nearly wiped out the California
and Texas brown pelican, the peregrine fal
Biological Magnification
•”…the earth enables our people to survive, the environment must be respected and maintained. As long as the earth remains healthy. the people remain healthy.”
Long and Fox, 1996
Its an energy and matter freely pass through the
boundary
Open system
Its an energy freely passes through the boundary
but not with matter
Close system
Its and energy and matter can not pass through the boundary.
Isolated system
Its and energy and matter can not pass through the boundary.
Isolated system
