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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the Environmental Dilemmas ?

A

– population
– food shortages
– energy
– pollution

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2
Q

The study of how humans interact
with their environment

A

Environmental Science

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3
Q

The total of our surroundings

A

Environment

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4
Q

What are all the things around us with which we
interact:

A

• Living things
-Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.
• Nonliving things
-Continents, oceans, clouds, soil,
rocks
• Our built environment
-Buildings, human-created living
centers
• Social relationships and institutions

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5
Q

___is the study how we and other species interact with one another and with the non-living environment.

A

Environmental science

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6
Q

Environmental science and the issues that it studies are complex and i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y ,
m e a n i n g i t incorporates concepts and ideas from multiple fields of study. T or F ?

A

True

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7
Q

Environmental protection starts by creating
awarenes:
It is very important for every person for self-
fulfillment and social development. T or F ?

A

True

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8
Q

Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:
It helps to understand different food chains
and ecological balance in nature. It helps to understand and appreciate how the environment is used for making a living
and for promoting a material culture.

A

True

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9
Q

Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:

It helps in appreciating and enjoying nature
and society.
It generates concern for the changing
environment in a systematic manner for the
future as well as immediate welfare of mankind

A

True

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10
Q

Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:

It directs attention towards population
explosion, exhaustion of natural resources and
pollution of environment and throws light on
solutions.

A

True

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11
Q

“To develop a world population that is aware of and concerned about environment as a whole and the problems associated with it, and committed to work individually as well as collectively towards solutions of current
problems and prevention of future problems”

A

Goals of Environmental education

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12
Q

What are Primary Objectives of Speak Awareness in Environmental Science?

A

Skill, Participation and Evaluation ability

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13
Q

Acquire skills for identifying and solving
environmental problems.

A

Skill

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14
Q

To provide an opportunity to be
actively involved at all levels in working
towards the solution of environmental problems.

A

Participation

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15
Q

Develop the ability to
evaluate environmental measures and
education programmes in terms of ecological,
economic, social and aesthetic factors.

A

Evaluation ability

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16
Q

This is concerned with the environmental disturbances and the minimization of their impacts through changes in the society

A

Environmental Studies

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17
Q

It deals with the study of the processes in water, air, soil and organisms which lead to pollution or environmental
damage and to know a scientific basis for establishing a standard which can be considered acceptably clean, safe and healthy for human beings and the natural ecosystems

A

Environmental Science

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18
Q

This is the study of the technical processes
which are used to minimise the pollution and
assess their impact on the environment

A

Environmental Engineering

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19
Q

What are the environmental education programmes ?

A

Environmental studies ,environmental science and environmental engineering

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20
Q

The term ecology was introduced by the German biologist_____ in 1866.

A

Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

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21
Q

The term ecology , it is derived from the Greek ____ and ____ ?

A

oikos and logy

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22
Q

What is Oikos?
What is Logy ?

A

Oikos is household
Logy is study of or science of.

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23
Q

The term _____ was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866; it is derived from the Greek oikos
(“household”), and “logy” = study of or science of, sharing the
same root word as economics. Thus, the term implies the study of
the economy of nature.

A

Ecology

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24
Q

The study of earth’s households including plants, animals, microorganisms, and people that live together as interdependent component

A

Ecology

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25
Q

Study of the relationship of organisms with their environment and it can be viewed as the study of structure and function of nature

A

Ecology

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26
Q

it concerned not only on organisms but also with energy flows and material cycles on the land, in the ocean, in the air and in freshwaters

A

Ecology

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27
Q

Includes all the physical (external) factors and
biological conditions under which an organism lives

A

Environment

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28
Q

The physical environment includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere. The biological environment includes organisms of the same kind as well as other plants and animals.

A

Environment

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29
Q

The physical environment includes?

A

light and heat or
solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere

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30
Q

Ecology forms the core of Environmental Science

A

True

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31
Q

What are the ecological levels of organization ?

A

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere

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32
Q

_____ is the specific place where an organism lives
together with all the conditions present in it

A

Habitat

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33
Q

Individuals of the same kind make up the ____

A

Species

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34
Q

The same species live together in the same area at a given time comprise a ____

A

Population

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35
Q

Populations of all plants, animals and microorganisms living and interacting together in one area at a particular time
make up a ___

A

Community

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36
Q

The various species populations of the community
interacting with ach other and with the physical
environment and exchanging matter and energy make
up the _____

A

Ecosystem

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37
Q

Ecosystems are either terrestrial or aquatic.

A

True

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38
Q

Terrestrial ecosystems present in large geographical
area having similar vegetation types make up the ____

A

Biome

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39
Q

The biome together with the aquatic ecosystems of the
world comprise the ____

A

Biosphere

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40
Q

In addressing environmental concerns and resource
management issues, the _______ is the smallest
ecological unit studied as a whole (e.g. decaying log, a
pond, a lake, an agricultural field, or a forest)

A

Ecosystem

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41
Q

One fundamental idea to remember in studying an
ecosystem is the concept of SYSTEM

A

True

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42
Q

_____ is a collection of interdependent parts
functioning as a whole

A

System

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43
Q

_____ an assemblage of interacting components
forming a functional unit and separated from its
surrounding by a boundary

A

System

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44
Q

3 types of system

A

Open system, closed system and isolated system

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45
Q

The earth is a _____ in terms of
matter. No new elements are added to what the
earth already has. The elements just cycle on
earth

A

Closed system

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46
Q

In terms of energy, the earth is an ______ . It receives solar energy from the sun. There is one way flow of energy from the sun to the earth. The energy does not go back to the
sun

A

Open system

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47
Q

An ecosystem and other living systems
are OPEN systems.

A

True

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48
Q

There is continuous exchange of matter
and energy between an open system and
the environment and maintained by a
balanced exchange of matter and energy
with the environment

A

True

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49
Q

A network consisting of organisms, their environment,
and all of the interactions that exist in that
environment

A

Ecosystems

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50
Q

Give the two types of ecosystem with example

A

Simple ecosystem
- rock with lichens growing on it
Complex ecosystem
- pond or tropical rainforest

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51
Q

What are the Components of ecosystem?

A

Biotic and abiotic components

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52
Q

ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE: Two components of Ecosystem

A

ABIOTIC FACTORS
BIOTIC FACTORS

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53
Q

Under ABIOTIC factors?

A
  1. Precipitation
  2. Temperature
  3. Sunlight
  4. Humidity levels
  5. Availability of oxygen
  6. Carbon dioxide
  7. Phosphorus
  8. Nitrogen
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54
Q

Under BIOTIC FACTORS ?

A

a. The living components of the ecosystem - the organisms
b. Organization of the biotic factors

55
Q

What are the Organization of the biotic factors?

A

Species, populations and communities

56
Q

1 . _____ different kinds of organisms that live together
in a given geographic region
2. _____ the number of individuals of a given species
living in the given geographic region
3._____ The populations of species that are living
together in the given geographic region

A
  1. Species
  2. Populations
  3. Communities
57
Q

_____ refers to how parts or components
are organized and the way they fit together or
relate to each other to make a whole

A

Structure

58
Q

What are the organization of life?

A

Biosphere
Ecosystems
Communities
Populations
Organisms

59
Q

*Any level of the hierarchy controls the levels below that component
*Ecosystem regulates or control all other components or levels below it

A

Concept of Hierarchal Control

60
Q

As components combine to produce larger functional wholes in a hierarchical series, a new properties emerged.

A

Principles of Integrative Approach

61
Q

As we move from organismic system to population system to ecosystems, a
new characteristics developed that were not present or evident at the
next level below

A

Principles of Integrative Approach

62
Q

Example of Principles of Integrative Approach

A

Death rate, birth rate

63
Q

The actual real estate that the organism owns. The kind of neighborhood the organism lives in

A

Habitat

64
Q

What the organism does for a living
How the organism gets its energy

A

Niche

65
Q

Two types of organisms competition gets its energy

A

Interspecific competition
Intraspecific competition

66
Q

Refers to competition between different species for food

A

Interspecific competition

67
Q

Refers to competition between members of the same species for food

A

Intraspecific competition

68
Q

What are the types of niches ?

A

Predation
Parasitism
Commensalism
Mutualism

69
Q

To capture and consumption of organisms by other
organisms to sustain life

A

Predation

70
Q

_____ is an association between two different kinds of
non-parasitic animals, called ____, that is harmless to
both and in which one of the organism benefits

A

Commensalism

71
Q

_____ is a symbiosis that results in mutual benefit to the
interdependent organisms

A

Mutualism

72
Q

It is also known as antagonistic symbiosis, one
organism receives no benefits and is often injured while
supplying nutrients or shelter for the other organism

A

Parasitism

73
Q

What are the Types of species interactions?

A

Neutral
Commensalism
Mutualism
Predation and parasitism

74
Q

1.______neither species directly affect the
other.
2. ____ one species benefits, the other
is not affected (birds nest in trees)
3. ____ symbiotic relationship where both
spp. Benefit
4.____ one species benefits, the
other is harmed

A
  1. Neutral
  2. Commensalism
  3. Mutualism
  4. Predation and parasitism
75
Q

Types of Species interaction.

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Competition
Predation, parasitism, herbivory

76
Q
  1. +/+ , both species benefit
    from interaction.
  2. +/0, one species benefits,
    one unaffected
  3. -/-, each species
    affected negatively
  4. +/-, one species benefits,
    one is disadvantaged
A
  1. Mutualism
  2. Commensalism
  3. Competition
  4. Predation, parasitism, herbivory
77
Q

Energy from the sun is the driving force of the
ecosystem.

A

Ecology function

78
Q

The two processes of energy flow and nutrient cycles
are normally called the____

A

ENERGY FUNCTIONS

79
Q

Its a order in which organisms in an ecosystem
are consumed and the way energy goes from one living thing to another through food

A

Food chains

80
Q

It is made of many food chains in a
community of plants and animals.

A

Food web

81
Q

What are the types of food chains?

A

Grazer food chain
Decomposer food chain

82
Q

What are the Two major parts to the grazer food chain:

A

Producers and consumers

83
Q

_____ those organisms that photosynthesize and store more energy in food than they consume

A

Producers

84
Q

____ those organisms that do not
photosynthesize and must eat other organisms
for energy

A

Consumers

85
Q

What are the Types of consumers:

A

Heterotrophs
Herbivores
Carnivorse
Omnivores

86
Q

These organisms that must eat other organisms for food. Example: bacteria, protozoa, fungi

A

Heterotrophs

87
Q

These are plant eaters, example rabbit , chicken, and panda.

A

Herbivores

88
Q

These organism are flesh eaters. Example: lion, tigers,leopards

A

Carnivores

89
Q

These organism both plant and flesh eaters. Example: humans, ants, bear, cat

A

Omnivores

90
Q

Classify the consumers by their position in the food chain

A
  1. Primary consumers eat producers
  2. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers
91
Q

Refers to level the organism occupies in the food chain.

A

Trophic level

92
Q

List the Tropic level

A

a.First trophic level - producer
b. Second trophic level - primary consumer

93
Q

What are the tropic levels?

A

Primary producer
Primary consumer
Secondary consumer
Tertiary consumer
Quarternary consumer

94
Q

Example of species under Grassland Biome:

A

Grass
Grasshopper
Rat
Snake
Hawk

95
Q

Example of species under pond biome:

A

Algae
Mosquito larva
Dragonfly lawa
Fish
Raccoon

96
Q

Example of species under ocean biome:

A

Phytoplankton
Zooplanktob
Fish
Seal
White shark

97
Q

Refers to the capacity to do work

A

Energy

98
Q

What are the of Laws of Thermodynamics

A

First Law - Conservation of Energy
Second Law - Entropy
Third Law - energy is degraded (lost)

99
Q

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only
transformed from one form to another

A

First Law - Conservation of Energy

100
Q

As energy is lost, matter becomes more and more
disorganized with less energy trapped within

A

Second Law - Entropy

101
Q

energy is degraded (lost) when it changes
form (never 100% of energy is transformed)

A

Third Law

102
Q

___ photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs form
the wide base of chemical energy on which all other
organisms depend.

A

Producers

103
Q

___ heterotrophs utilize organic matter
produced by other living things. They may be organized
into the following trophic levels.

A

Consumers

104
Q

_____ organisms whic form the second trophic level, feed on plants or algae (or some other producer).

A

Primary consumers or herbivores

105
Q

___ comprise the third trophic level or higher. In the web of life animals eating other animals (snakes eating birds eating insects) may produce several additional trophic levels.

A

Secondary consumers or carnivores

106
Q

____ are an essential part of all ecosystems. Fungi, bacteria, and some protists ensure that essential molecules cycle back to producers. These important chemicals include ammonia, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, and phosphate.

A

Decomposers or saprobes

107
Q

Only 10% of energy is transferred from one
trophic level to the next

Conclusion about energy flow in the ecosystem:
“The total amount of energy in any given
trophic level of the food chain gets smaller
and smaller as one progresses up the food
chain”

A

RULE OF 10

108
Q

The flow of energy in the ecosystem starts with the
fixation of sunlight by the plants in the process of ____

A

photosynthesis

109
Q

Energy accumulated is called _____ since it’s the first step in energy storage

A

Primary production

110
Q

The rate at which energy is fixed is called _____ (wt/area/time) g/m2/week

A

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

111
Q

Refers to rate of conversion of sunlight to chemical energy

A

Sugar

112
Q

What are 2 units of energy

A

Calorie and kilocalorie

113
Q

Refers to amount of heat energy it takes to
warm one gram of water one degree centigrade

A

Calorie

114
Q

Refers to:
a. 1000 calories
b. The unit of energy used in biological systems

A

Kilocalorie

115
Q

Productivity measured in three different ways:

A

Gross Primary Productivity - GPP
Respiration rate of producers - R
Net Primary Productivity - NPP

116
Q

Its the rate at which sunlight is converted to chemical energy and its Kilocalories/square meter/year.

A

Gross Primary Productivity - GPP

117
Q

Refers to Energy used by producers for metabolismand This is the energy necessary to maintain life for producer

A

Respiration rate of producers - R

118
Q

The Amount of energy stored by plantsand the energy remaining after respiration and stored as organic matter

A

Net Primary Productivity - NPP

119
Q

u l t i m a t e p r o d u c t o f
photosynthesis is not the only organic
compounds stored in the plant tissues

A

Glucose

120
Q

What are the organic compounds?

A

nitrogen ,phosphorus, calcium, magnesium

121
Q

Tissues and organs of plants measured in weights per unit area.

A

PLANT BIOMASS

122
Q

The amount of energy and nutrients for herbivores and decomposers.

A

PHYTOMASS

123
Q

The dry weight of all the living organisms at any given trophic level.

A

Biomass

124
Q

Each trophic level contains less and less biomass as one proceeds up the food chain

A

True

125
Q

The number of individual organisms decreases at each trophic level as one progresses up the food chain

A

Flow of numbers of individuals in the ecosystem

126
Q

Three pyramids can be visualized as it relates to the
trophic levels of the food web:

A

a. Pyramid of Energy
b. Pyramid of Biomass
c. Pyramid of Numbers

127
Q

“As the trophic level increases in number
the amount of energy, amount of
biomass, and the number of individual
organisms DECREASE”

A

True

128
Q

certain pollutants become concentrated as they pass
through the pyramid

A

Biological Magnification

129
Q

Example: DDT and its effect on calcium
metabolism in birds

*Inability to make viable egg shells was the
result, and it nearly wiped out the California
and Texas brown pelican, the peregrine fal

A

Biological Magnification

130
Q

•”…the earth enables our people to survive, the environment must be respected and maintained. As long as the earth remains healthy. the people remain healthy.”

A

Long and Fox, 1996

131
Q

Its an energy and matter freely pass through the
boundary

A

Open system

132
Q

Its an energy freely passes through the boundary
but not with matter

A

Close system

133
Q

Its and energy and matter can not pass through the boundary.

A

Isolated system

134
Q

Its and energy and matter can not pass through the boundary.

A

Isolated system

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (4 decks)

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