CHAPTER 1 Flashcards by Aubrey Grace Ann Nonog

What are the Environmental Dilemmas ?

– population
– food shortages
– energy
– pollution

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The study of how humans interact
with their environment

Environmental Science

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The total of our surroundings

Environment

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What are all the things around us with which we
interact:

• Living things
-Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc.
• Nonliving things
-Continents, oceans, clouds, soil,
rocks
• Our built environment
-Buildings, human-created living
centers
• Social relationships and institutions

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___is the study how we and other species interact with one another and with the non-living environment.

Environmental science

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Environmental science and the issues that it studies are complex and i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y ,
m e a n i n g i t incorporates concepts and ideas from multiple fields of study. T or F ?

True

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Environmental protection starts by creating
awarenes:
It is very important for every person for self-
fulfillment and social development. T or F ?

True

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Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:
It helps to understand different food chains
and ecological balance in nature. It helps to understand and appreciate how the environment is used for making a living
and for promoting a material culture.

True

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Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:

It helps in appreciating and enjoying nature
and society.
It generates concern for the changing
environment in a systematic manner for the
future as well as immediate welfare of mankind

True

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Environmental protection starts by creating
awareness:

It directs attention towards population
explosion, exhaustion of natural resources and
pollution of environment and throws light on
solutions.

True

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“To develop a world population that is aware of and concerned about environment as a whole and the problems associated with it, and committed to work individually as well as collectively towards solutions of current
problems and prevention of future problems”

Goals of Environmental education

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What are Primary Objectives of Speak Awareness in Environmental Science?

Skill, Participation and Evaluation ability

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Acquire skills for identifying and solving
environmental problems.

Skill

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To provide an opportunity to be
actively involved at all levels in working
towards the solution of environmental problems.

Participation

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Develop the ability to
evaluate environmental measures and
education programmes in terms of ecological,
economic, social and aesthetic factors.

Evaluation ability

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This is concerned with the environmental disturbances and the minimization of their impacts through changes in the society

Environmental Studies

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It deals with the study of the processes in water, air, soil and organisms which lead to pollution or environmental
damage and to know a scientific basis for establishing a standard which can be considered acceptably clean, safe and healthy for human beings and the natural ecosystems

Environmental Science

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This is the study of the technical processes
which are used to minimise the pollution and
assess their impact on the environment

Environmental Engineering

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What are the environmental education programmes ?

Environmental studies ,environmental science and environmental engineering

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The term ecology was introduced by the German biologist_____ in 1866.

Ernst Heinrich Haeckel

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The term ecology , it is derived from the Greek ____ and ____ ?

oikos and logy

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What is Oikos?
What is Logy ?

Oikos is household
Logy is study of or science of.

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The term _____ was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866; it is derived from the Greek oikos
(“household”), and “logy” = study of or science of, sharing the
same root word as economics. Thus, the term implies the study of
the economy of nature.

Ecology

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The study of earth’s households including plants, animals, microorganisms, and people that live together as interdependent component

Ecology

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Study of the relationship of organisms with their environment and it can be viewed as the study of structure and function of nature

Ecology

it concerned not only on organisms but also with energy flows and material cycles on the land, in the ocean, in the air and in freshwaters

Ecology

Includes all the physical (external) factors and biological conditions under which an organism lives

Environment

The physical environment includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere. The biological environment includes organisms of the same kind as well as other plants and animals.

Environment

The physical environment includes?

light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere

Ecology forms the core of Environmental Science

True

What are the ecological levels of organization ?

Individual Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

_____ is the specific place where an organism lives together with all the conditions present in it

Habitat

Individuals of the same kind make up the ____

Species

The same species live together in the same area at a given time comprise a ____

Population

Populations of all plants, animals and microorganisms living and interacting together in one area at a particular time make up a ___

Community

The various species populations of the community interacting with ach other and with the physical environment and exchanging matter and energy make up the _____

Ecosystem

Ecosystems are either terrestrial or aquatic.

True

Terrestrial ecosystems present in large geographical area having similar vegetation types make up the ____

Biome

The biome together with the aquatic ecosystems of the world comprise the ____

Biosphere

In addressing environmental concerns and resource management issues, the _______ is the smallest ecological unit studied as a whole (e.g. decaying log, a pond, a lake, an agricultural field, or a forest)

Ecosystem

One fundamental idea to remember in studying an ecosystem is the concept of SYSTEM

True

_____ is a collection of interdependent parts functioning as a whole

System

_____ an assemblage of interacting components forming a functional unit and separated from its surrounding by a boundary

System

3 types of system

Open system, closed system and isolated system

The earth is a _____ in terms of matter. No new elements are added to what the earth already has. The elements just cycle on earth

Closed system

In terms of energy, the earth is an ______ . It receives solar energy from the sun. There is one way flow of energy from the sun to the earth. The energy does not go back to the sun

Open system

An ecosystem and other living systems are OPEN systems.

True

There is continuous exchange of matter and energy between an open system and the environment and maintained by a balanced exchange of matter and energy with the environment

True

A network consisting of organisms, their environment, and all of the interactions that exist in that environment

Ecosystems

Give the two types of ecosystem with example

Simple ecosystem - rock with lichens growing on it Complex ecosystem - pond or tropical rainforest

What are the Components of ecosystem?

Biotic and abiotic components

ECOSYSTEM STRUCTURE: Two components of Ecosystem

ABIOTIC FACTORS BIOTIC FACTORS

Under ABIOTIC factors?

1. Precipitation 2. Temperature 3. Sunlight 4. Humidity levels 5. Availability of oxygen 6. Carbon dioxide 7. Phosphorus 8. Nitrogen

Under BIOTIC FACTORS ?

a. The living components of the ecosystem - the organisms b. Organization of the biotic factors

What are the Organization of the biotic factors?

Species, populations and communities

1 . _____ different kinds of organisms that live together in a given geographic region 2. _____ the number of individuals of a given species living in the given geographic region 3._____ The populations of species that are living together in the given geographic region

1. Species 2. Populations 3. Communities

_____ refers to how parts or components are organized and the way they fit together or relate to each other to make a whole

Structure

What are the organization of life?

Biosphere Ecosystems Communities Populations Organisms

*Any level of the hierarchy controls the levels below that component *Ecosystem regulates or control all other components or levels below it

Concept of Hierarchal Control

As components combine to produce larger functional wholes in a hierarchical series, a new properties emerged.

Principles of Integrative Approach

As we move from organismic system to population system to ecosystems, a new characteristics developed that were not present or evident at the next level below

Principles of Integrative Approach

Example of Principles of Integrative Approach

Death rate, birth rate

The actual real estate that the organism owns. The kind of neighborhood the organism lives in

Habitat

What the organism does for a living How the organism gets its energy

Niche

Two types of organisms competition gets its energy

Interspecific competition Intraspecific competition

Refers to competition between different species for food

Interspecific competition

Refers to competition between members of the same species for food

Intraspecific competition

What are the types of niches ?

Predation Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism

To capture and consumption of organisms by other organisms to sustain life

Predation

_____ is an association between two different kinds of non-parasitic animals, called ____, that is harmless to both and in which one of the organism benefits

Commensalism

_____ is a symbiosis that results in mutual benefit to the interdependent organisms

Mutualism

It is also known as antagonistic symbiosis, one organism receives no benefits and is often injured while supplying nutrients or shelter for the other organism

Parasitism

What are the Types of species interactions?

Neutral Commensalism Mutualism Predation and parasitism

1.______neither species directly affect the other. 2. ____ one species benefits, the other is not affected (birds nest in trees) 3. ____ symbiotic relationship where both spp. Benefit 4.____ one species benefits, the other is harmed

1. Neutral 2. Commensalism 3. Mutualism 4. Predation and parasitism

Types of Species interaction.

Mutualism Commensalism Competition Predation, parasitism, herbivory

1. +/+ , both species benefit from interaction. 2. +/0, one species benefits, one unaffected 3. -/-, each species affected negatively 4. +/-, one species benefits, one is disadvantaged

1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Competition 4. Predation, parasitism, herbivory

Energy from the sun is the driving force of the ecosystem.

Ecology function

The two processes of energy flow and nutrient cycles are normally called the____

ENERGY FUNCTIONS

Its a order in which organisms in an ecosystem are consumed and the way energy goes from one living thing to another through food

Food chains

It is made of many food chains in a community of plants and animals.

Food web

What are the types of food chains?

Grazer food chain Decomposer food chain

What are the Two major parts to the grazer food chain:

Producers and consumers

_____ those organisms that photosynthesize and store more energy in food than they consume

Producers

____ those organisms that do not photosynthesize and must eat other organisms for energy

Consumers

What are the Types of consumers:

Heterotrophs Herbivores Carnivorse Omnivores

These organisms that must eat other organisms for food. Example: bacteria, protozoa, fungi

Heterotrophs

These are plant eaters, example rabbit , chicken, and panda.

Herbivores

These organism are flesh eaters. Example: lion, tigers,leopards

Carnivores

These organism both plant and flesh eaters. Example: humans, ants, bear, cat

Omnivores

Classify the consumers by their position in the food chain

1. Primary consumers eat producers 2. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers

Refers to level the organism occupies in the food chain.

Trophic level

List the Tropic level

a.First trophic level - producer b. Second trophic level - primary consumer

What are the tropic levels?

Primary producer Primary consumer Secondary consumer Tertiary consumer Quarternary consumer

Example of species under Grassland Biome:

Grass Grasshopper Rat Snake Hawk

Example of species under pond biome:

Algae Mosquito larva Dragonfly lawa Fish Raccoon

Example of species under ocean biome:

Phytoplankton Zooplanktob Fish Seal White shark

Refers to the capacity to do work

Energy

What are the of Laws of Thermodynamics

First Law - Conservation of Energy Second Law - Entropy Third Law - energy is degraded (lost)

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only transformed from one form to another

First Law - Conservation of Energy

As energy is lost, matter becomes more and more disorganized with less energy trapped within

Second Law - Entropy

energy is degraded (lost) when it changes form (never 100% of energy is transformed)

Third Law

___ photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs form the wide base of chemical energy on which all other organisms depend.

Producers

___ heterotrophs utilize organic matter produced by other living things. They may be organized into the following trophic levels.

Consumers

_____ organisms whic form the second trophic level, feed on plants or algae (or some other producer).

Primary consumers or herbivores

___ comprise the third trophic level or higher. In the web of life animals eating other animals (snakes eating birds eating insects) may produce several additional trophic levels.

Secondary consumers or carnivores

____ are an essential part of all ecosystems. Fungi, bacteria, and some protists ensure that essential molecules cycle back to producers. These important chemicals include ammonia, sulfates, nitrates, nitrites, and phosphate.

Decomposers or saprobes

Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next Conclusion about energy flow in the ecosystem: “The total amount of energy in any given trophic level of the food chain gets smaller and smaller as one progresses up the food chain”

RULE OF 10

The flow of energy in the ecosystem starts with the fixation of sunlight by the plants in the process of ____

photosynthesis

Energy accumulated is called _____ since it’s the first step in energy storage

Primary production

The rate at which energy is fixed is called _____ (wt/area/time) g/m2/week

PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

Refers to rate of conversion of sunlight to chemical energy

Sugar

What are 2 units of energy

Calorie and kilocalorie

Refers to amount of heat energy it takes to warm one gram of water one degree centigrade

Calorie

Refers to: a. 1000 calories b. The unit of energy used in biological systems

Kilocalorie

Productivity measured in three different ways:

Gross Primary Productivity - GPP Respiration rate of producers - R Net Primary Productivity - NPP

Its the rate at which sunlight is converted to chemical energy and its Kilocalories/square meter/year.

Gross Primary Productivity - GPP

Refers to Energy used by producers for metabolismand This is the energy necessary to maintain life for producer

Respiration rate of producers - R

The Amount of energy stored by plantsand the energy remaining after respiration and stored as organic matter

Net Primary Productivity - NPP

u l t i m a t e p r o d u c t o f photosynthesis is not the only organic compounds stored in the plant tissues

Glucose

What are the organic compounds?

nitrogen ,phosphorus, calcium, magnesium

Tissues and organs of plants measured in weights per unit area.

PLANT BIOMASS

The amount of energy and nutrients for herbivores and decomposers.

PHYTOMASS

The dry weight of all the living organisms at any given trophic level.

Biomass

Each trophic level contains less and less biomass as one proceeds up the food chain

True

The number of individual organisms decreases at each trophic level as one progresses up the food chain

Flow of numbers of individuals in the ecosystem

Three pyramids can be visualized as it relates to the trophic levels of the food web:

a. Pyramid of Energy b. Pyramid of Biomass c. Pyramid of Numbers

“As the trophic level increases in number the amount of energy, amount of biomass, and the number of individual organisms DECREASE”

True

certain pollutants become concentrated as they pass through the pyramid

Biological Magnification

Example: DDT and its effect on calcium metabolism in birds *Inability to make viable egg shells was the result, and it nearly wiped out the California and Texas brown pelican, the peregrine fal

Biological Magnification

•"...the earth enables our people to survive, the environment must be respected and maintained. As long as the earth remains healthy. the people remain healthy."

Long and Fox, 1996

Its an energy and matter freely pass through the boundary

Open system

Its an energy freely passes through the boundary but not with matter

Close system

Its and energy and matter can not pass through the boundary.

Isolated system

Its and energy and matter can not pass through the boundary.

Isolated system