Chapter 2: Plant Cells Flashcards
1
Q
- major portions of a plant body
A
Plant Organs
2
Q
Plant Organs:
A
Vegetative and Reproductive Structures
3
Q
Vegetative Structures:
A
a. leaf
b. Stem
c. Roots
4
Q
Reproductive Structures:
A
a. Flower
b. Fruits
c. Seeds
5
Q
Basic and fundamental unit of life,
it possesses a highly organized
structure that enables it to carry
out its vital functions.
A
Cell
6
Q
smallest unit of matter that can
carry on all the processes of life
A
Cell
7
Q
- refers to the study of cell structure and physiology
A
CELL BIOLOGY/CYTOLOGY
8
Q
Types of Cells:
A
a. Prokaryotic
b. Eukaryotic
9
Q
- Unicellular
- Lack a defined nucleus
A
Prokaryotic
10
Q
- Multicelluar
- Have a defined nucleus
A
Eukaryotic
11
Q
plant cell structure & function
A
a. Cell Wall
b. Cell Membrane
c. Cytoplasm
d. Nucleus
12
Q
The tough, rigid structure enclosing the plant cell
A
Cell Wall
13
Q
It is made up of finely interwoven network of cellulose strands of varying complexity & size
A
Cell Wall
14
Q
Functions of Cell Wall:
A
- Protection & support
- Determines plant shape and size
- Maintains turgor pressure
- Regulates movement in and out
- Cell-cell communication
15
Q
PARTS OF THE CELL WALL:
A
- Primary wall
- Secondary Wall
- Middle Lamella
- Plasmodesmata (Plasmodesma)
16
Q
Formed while the cell is enlarging/growing
A
Primary wall
17
Q
Relatively thin & elastic
A
Primary wall
18
Q
Contains abundant hemicellulose
A
Primary wall
19
Q
formed after growth ceased
A
Secondary Wall
20
Q
less flexible & almost inelastic
A
Secondary Wall
21
Q
composed mainly of cellulose (almost pure)
A
Secondary Wall
22
Q
a thin membrane that cements the walls of two adjacent plant cells
A
Middle Lamella
23
Q
Contains abundant calcium pectate which acts as an important cementing material between cells.
A
Middle Lamella
24
Q
Special openings/pores in the cell wall which penetrates both the primary & secondary cell walls and through which the plasmalemma and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cell are continuous.
A
Plasmodesmata (Plasmodesma)
25
Important in providing pathways for transporting substances.
Plasmodesmata (Plasmodesma)
26
Used to communicate & transport materials between plant cells.
Plasmodesmata (Plasmodesma)
27
Also known as plasmalemma, which is a thin, delicate, flexible layer of protein & fat that surrounds the outside of a cell
Cell / Plasma membrane
28
It is a semi-permeable membrane directly adjacent to the interior wall & surrounding the protoplast/cytoplasm & cytoplasmic inclusions
Cell / Plasma membrane
29
Cell / Plasma membrane Composition:
Mostly made up of phospholipid
molecules (phosphate +lipid)
30
“hydrophilic” means “water-loving”
Phosphate Head
31
“hydrophobic” means “water-fearing”
Lipid tails
32
- everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm
33
Cytoplasm Functions:
* serves as the general storage & working area of the cell
* it is where food nutrients are received, processed & used
and where waste products are removed
34
Components of cytoplasm:
a. Cytosol
b. Organelles
35
Jelly like mixture that contains mostly water along with proteins,
carbohydrates, salts & minerals
Cytosol
36
Structures that work like miniature organs which carry out specific functions
Organelles
37
Some of the most important organelles are:
a. Central Vacuole
b. Endoplasmic reticulum
c. Ribosome
d. Mitochondria
e. Golgi Apparatus
f. Cytoskeleton
g. Plastids
38
- a fluid-filled, bubble-like structure in a cell containing water & dissolved minerals/substances in dilute solution
Central Vacuole
39
Central Vacuole, bounded by a single lipoprotein membrane known as ___________ which encloses the cell sap (dissolved materials).
Tonoplast
40
The Tonoplast is a __________ membrane like the cell membrane.
semi-permeable
41
Types of Vacuoles:
1. food vacuole (for food storage)
2. excretory vacuole (for removal)
3. central vacuole (for water storage in plants)
42
One of the function of vacuole is the ___________ (outward pressure of the water content of vacuole towards the cell membrane making the cell wall rigid)
maintenance of turgor
43
A network of interconnected
membranes that extends from the
nuclear membrane to the cell
membrane.
Endoplasmic reticulum
44
The organelle called ‘endoplasmic
reticulum’ occurs in both plants and
animals and is a very important
manufacturing site for _______
and _______. Many of these
products are made for and exported to other organelles.
lipids (fats); many proteins
45
There are two main types of ER:
1. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
2. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
46
⚬ with attached ribosomes
⚬ involved in protein synthesis
⚬ act as protein storage & transport
system in a cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
47
⚬ no ribosomes attached
⚬ involved in lipid & carbohydrates
synthesis
⚬ helps in the detoxification of
harmful substances in the cell
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
48
Submicroscopic particles associated with the endoplasmic reticulum & floating free in the cytoplasm
Ribosome
49
Ribosome is described as a “___________ – ribonucleo - protein complex”
phospholipid
50
Ribosome is sites of ____________ (production & construction) in a cell
protein synthesis
51
The most numerous organelles
in almost all cells
Ribosome
52
Known as the “powerhouse of the cell” because great deal of the cell’s usable energy is provided by the mitochondria
Mitochondria
53
Also known as the “site of chemical
reactions”
Mitochondria
54
Mitochondria, produce ______________, a high energy compound released or synthesized in mitochondria & are dispersed throughout the cell to energy consuming areas.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
55
⚬ ATP is the __________ for all cell
activity
⚬ ATP production is a result of ___________ that occurs on the cristae
energy source; electron transport
56
* Mitochondrial DNA is the __________ found inside the mitochondria
* mtDNA, are passed exclusively from ______________ through the egg cell
* mtDNA tests trace people's _______________ ancestry through their mitochondria
circular chromosome; mother to offspring; matrilineal (mother-line)
57
Consists of flattened smooth-surfaced sacs stacked one on top of the other
Golgi apparatus
58
Golgi apparatus, It is a system of membranes made of fattened saclike structures called _______
cisternae
59
Distinct Structures of the Golgi Bodies:
* Cisternae - stack of flattened membrane (one place)
* Vesicles - small spherical structures (moves)
60
It is network of long protein strands located in the cytosol that are not surrounded by a membrane
Cytoskeleton
61
Cytoskeleton Two types of Structures:
1. Microfilaments
2. Microtubules
62
Microfilaments are not hollow and have a structure that resembles rope made of two twisted chains of protein called _____
actin
63
- are hollow, like plumbing pipes.
- They are the largest strands of the cytoskeleton.
Microtubules
64
Microtubules are made of a protein called ______
TUBULIN
65
Occur as round or oval bodies which are absent and animal cells and contain pigments and are used in making or storing food
Plastids
66
Types of Plastids:
1. Leucoplasts
2. Amyloplast
3. Chloroplast
67
contain pigments for colorless appearance, e.g. starch grains in rice, potatoes & raddish
Leucoplasts
68
- starch storage
amyloplasts
69
- oil storage
elaioplasts
70
* contain red, yellow & orange pigments characteristics of carrots, flowers, tomatoes & others
* Found in red & yellow peppers, tomatoes, and flower petals
Chromoplast
71
Found in plants, algae- contain chlorophyll
Chloroplast
72
Chloroplast are _____ because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that _______ in sunlight
green; absorb energy
73
each chloroplast encloses a system of flattened membrane sacs called _______, where photosynthesis occurs
thylakoids
74
Nucleus, Discovered by ____________ in 1835
Robert Brown
75
Controls or directs the synthesis of
the enzymes that catalyze most of
the metabolic reactions of the cell
Nucleus
76
Parts of the Nucleus:
1. Nuclear Membrane
2. Nucleoplasm
77
* Surrounds the nucleus, separating it from the adjacent cytoplasm
* Double-layered, porous tissue that
surrounds the nucleus
* Controls the movement of substances into & out of the nucleus
Nuclear Membrane
78
Fluid portion of the nucleus in which other structures are found
Nucleoplasm
79
Nucleoplasm:
a) Nucleolus
b) Chromosomes
80
* Responsible for manufacturing & exporting ribosomes
Nucleolus
81
* contains genes which carry hereditary in formation
* composed of DNA & protein & bear in linear arrangement the basic of heredity called genes (composed of DNA)
Chromosomes
