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Pharmacology > Chapter 2 - Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenetics > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Pharmacogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

drugs administered ________ there is no disintegration process, which occurs when a drug becomes a solution that can cross the illogic membrane

A

parenterally

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2
Q

which drugs are already in solution, which is the form necessary for absorption in the gastrointestinal tract

A

liquid suspension

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3
Q

these tablets resist disintegration in the acidic environment of the stomach and disintegrate when they reach the small intestine

A

enteric coated

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4
Q

Will acidic drugs enhance the absorption of enteric coated tablets? What slows the absorption rate?

A

No. high fat food.

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5
Q

what must be given parentally because they re destroy in the small intestine by digestive enzymes?

A

Insulin, growth hormones, and other protein based drugs

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6
Q

this types of tissue has fewer blood vessels, so absorption is slower

A

subcutaneous

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7
Q

Why is insulin injected subcutaneously

A

because it is desirable to have it absorb slowly

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8
Q

what do water soluble drugs require to pass through the GI membrane

A

carrier enzyme or protein

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9
Q

high fat foods are useful for that that are?

A

lipid soluble

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10
Q

food can stimulate the production of gastric acid, so medications requiring an acidic environment would be given with?

A

a meal

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11
Q

drugs given ________ absorb faster in muscles that the more blood vessels such as the deltoid

A

IM

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12
Q

Drugs that undergo ______________ are absorbed into the portal vein from the intestinal lumen and go through the liver where they are either unchanged or are metabolized to an inactive or a more active form

A

first-pass metabolism

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13
Q

what kind of drugs have less bioavailability because a lower percentage of the drug reaches the systemic circulation?

A

Oral

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14
Q

refers to the process by which cells carry a solute across a membrane

A

Pinocytosis

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15
Q

describes a rapid decrease in response to drugs that occurs when tolerance develops quickly

A

Tachyphylaxis

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16
Q

Drugs that are highly _______ bind with albumin and other proteins, leaving less free drug in circulation

A

protein bound

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17
Q

If a patient is low in _________, the drug is not bound, and there is more free drug to cause drug effects. There would be increased absorption, increased interactions with other drugs, and increased toxicity

A

albumin

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18
Q

Two drugs that are highly ______ will compete for protein binding sites, leaving more free drug in circulation and an increased risk of adverse effects as well as increased bioavalibility, inquired drug effects, and increased drug interactions.

A

protein bound

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19
Q

LIver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatitis alter drug?

A

metabolism

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20
Q

When the drug metabolism rate is decreased what happens

A

excess drug accumulation can occur and lead to toxicity

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21
Q

Steady state levels occur at how many half lives?

A

3-5

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22
Q

A druge with a longer half life should be given at longer___________ to avoid drug toxicity

A

intervals

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23
Q

What alkalizes the urine

A

sodium bicarbonate

24
Q

Why is aspirin more readily excreted in alkaline urine?

A

It is a weak acid

25
Q

Increased creatinine and BUN indicate

A

Decreased renal function

26
Q

If you have decreased renal function the drug that is eliminated in the kidneys can become?

A

toxic

27
Q

The nurse understand that the length of time need for a drug to reach the mini effective concentration (MEC) is the?

A

onset of action

28
Q

what is the length of time a drug has a pharmacologic effect?

A

duration of action

29
Q

occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood level

A

Peak action

30
Q

and __________ is one that stimulates a certain type of cell to produce a response

A

agonist medication

31
Q

Why do non specific drugs have so many side effects?

A

They can act of one type of receptor but in different body tissues, or a variety of receptor types, or act on hormones to produce effects. Non specific drugs can affect a variety of receptor types in similar body tissues

32
Q

Which drugs require loading doses

A

Medications with long half lives. Eg. Dogoxin and phenytoin

33
Q

Occurs when a patient experiences a response with an inactive drug

A

placebo effect

34
Q

______ to a drug effects can occur with narcotics, requiring increased doses in order to achieve adequate drug effects

A

tolerance

35
Q

an altered or modified action or effect of a drug as a result of interaction with one or more other drugs

A

drug interactions

36
Q

this can occur with one or more drugs and has effects ranging from mild to severe

A

adverse drug reaction

37
Q

chemical reaction of two or more drugs that occurs in vitro

A

drug incompatibility

38
Q

the development of reduced response to a medication over time

A

drug tolerance

39
Q

drugs that are ___________ cannot be mixed together in solution and cannot be mixed in a syringe, I bag, or other artificial environment

A

incompatible

40
Q

symptoms occurring from drug effects

A

adverse reactions

41
Q

when one drug causes an enhanced response in another drug

A

potentiation

42
Q

dairy products, multivitamins, and antacids should be avoided 1 hour after and 2 hours before taking because it prevents absorption

A

Products that contain calcium, magnesium, or iron are ingested with fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin.

43
Q

what drugs slow gastric emptying

A

opioids

44
Q

the renal loss of potassium can result in __________ which can enhance the action of digoxin and lead to toxicity

A

hypokalemia

45
Q

A patient who takes the anticoagulant warfarin will begin taking the anticonvulsant drug carbamazepine. The nurse reviews the drug information for these drugs and learns that carbamazepine is a hepatic enzyme inducer. The nurse anticipates that the provider will make which dosage adjustment

A

Carbamazepine is a hepatic enzyme inducer, which can increase drug metabolism. Patients taking both drugs usually need a larger dose of warfarin

46
Q

what interaction are changes that occur in the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of one or more drugs

A

pharmacokinetic

47
Q

drugs that promote induction of enzymes are called

A

enzyme inducers

48
Q

examples of drugs that are enzyme inducers

A

phenobarbital increases the metabolism of most antipsychotics. Methylxanthine, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, and rifampin increase the metabolism of warfarin.

49
Q

care must beg take when enzyme inducers are discontinued because?

A

less drug is eliminated by hepatic metabolism and toxicity can result

50
Q

hypokalemia

A

blood potassium levels are too low

51
Q

the sum of the effects of two drugs

A

additive effect

52
Q

When two drugs are administered in combination and the response is increased beyond what either could produce along, the drug interaction is called an

A

additive effect

53
Q

when a diuretic and beta locker are administered for treatment of hypertension, in combination these two drugs use different mechanisms to have more pronounced

A

BP lowering effect

54
Q

Aspirin and ? can be used together to produce a great effect on pain

A

codeine

55
Q

if aspirin and alcohol are taken together

A

can prolong bleeding time and result in gastric bleeding

56
Q

When two or more drugs are given together ONE drug can have a clinical effect substantially greater than that of either drug alone

A

synergistic effect

57
Q

The provider has ordered amoxicillin with clavulanate (Augmenting) for a child who has optic media. The child’s parent ask why this drug is necessary when amoxicillin is less expensive. The nurse will explain that clavulanate is added to amoxicillin because

A

clavulanate is a bacterial enzyme inhibitor, specifically beta lactamase, which inactivates amoxicillin. When added to amoxicillin, it broadens the antibacterial spectrum

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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