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BIOTECHNOLOGY > CHAPTER 2 - part 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2 - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Smallest structural units of living
matter and compose of all living
thing.

A

CELL

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2
Q

All cells have a genetic information
in the form of

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

Do not have nucleus

A

Prokaryotic cell

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4
Q

What organisms are considered prokaryotes?

A

Cyanobacteria, Eubacteria, and Domain Archaea

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5
Q

Single circular molecule DNA of prokaryotes is located in

A

Nucleoid region

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6
Q

Size of prokaryotic cell

A

100 nm - 10 micrometer

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7
Q

True nucleus

A

Eukaryotic cell

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8
Q

Members of the eukaryotes

A

Plants, animals, fungi, protist

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9
Q

Size of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell

A

10 - 100 micrometer

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10
Q

Cell’s fortification

A

Plasma membrane

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11
Q

Cells’ environment

A

Cytoplasm

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12
Q

Cell’s powerplant

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Cell’s factories

A

Ribosome

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14
Q

Cell’s stomach

A

Lysosome

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15
Q

Cell’s pipe system

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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16
Q

Cell’s delivery center

A

Golgi apparatus

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17
Q

Cell’s anchor

A

Centrosome

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18
Q

Cell’s firemen

A

Peroxisome

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19
Q

Cell’s shapeshifter

A

Cytoskeleton

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20
Q

Cell’s compartments

A

Vacuole

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21
Q

Cell’s brain

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

In plasma membrane, it acts as receptors and cell recognition

A

Externally facing proteins

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23
Q

Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Responsible for protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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25
Q

Vesicles filled with digestive
proteins, can absorb
something and break it
down into recyclable pieces

A

Lysosome

26
Q

It tags vesicles and
proteins to help them get
carried to their correct
destinations

A

Golgi apparatus

27
Q

Organizes and produces
the microtubules
of the cell’s cytoskeleton

A

Centrosome

28
Q

Vesicles that defend (or
neutralize) the cell from
free radicals

A

Peroxisome

29
Q

It modifies the cell’s
shape and ensures
mechanical resistance
to deformation

A

Cytoskeleton

30
Q

Organelles that are unique for plants

A

Central vacuole, Chloroplast, Chromatin

31
Q

Large membrane-enclosed
compartment.
Used to store ions, waste products,
pigments, protective compounds

A

Central vacuole

32
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelle
containing stacked structures
(_______) of chlorophyll-containing
membrane sacs called ______________
surrounded by an inner fluid
(__________)

A

grana. thylakoid, stroma

33
Q

Double-membrane structure;
separates nucleoplasm & cytoplasm.
regulates the passage of substances
to and from the nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

34
Q

Dense spherical (non-membranebound) ;composed of ribosomal RNA
and protein.

A

Nucleoli

35
Q

Granular, thread-like material
composed of DNA and histone
proteins.DNA contains genes

A

Chromatin

36
Q

Location of calvin cycle

A

Stroma

37
Q

Location of photosynthesis

A

Thylakoid

38
Q

Location of glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

Location of TCA cycle

A

Mitochondrial matrix

40
Q

Location of ETC

A

Inner mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

In a DNA molecule,
there is an equal number between the bases (A) (T), and between
the bases (G) (C)

A

Chargaff’s rule

42
Q

Building block of DNA

A

Nucleotide

43
Q

Nucleotide components

A

Pentose sugar (deoxyribose), Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base

44
Q

Purines:

A

Adenine, Guanine

45
Q

Pyrimidines

A

Thymine, Cytosine

46
Q

For RNA, thymine is replaced with

A

Uracil

47
Q

Two strands of nucleotides are
joined together by ______________ _______
between the bases

A

Hydrogen bonds

48
Q

the phosphate at carbon 5 is not
bonded to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is
involved in a phosphodiester bond

A

5’

49
Q

the phosphate at carbon 5 is bonded
to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is not
joined

A

3’

50
Q

the polarity of each strand is
reversed relative to each other

A

Antiparallel

51
Q

The ________ _______ of molecular biology is a theory
stating that genetic information flows only in one
direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA
directly to protein..

A

Central dogma

52
Q

Three major steps in DNA Replication

A
  1. Opening of the double helix and Separation of the DNA strands
  2. Priming of the template strand
  3. Assembly of the new DNA segment
53
Q

__________ unwinds the parental double helix

A

Helicase

54
Q

The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by ______ ________________

A

DNA Polymerase

55
Q

The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. _________ synthesized a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA Polymerase to form an __________ _________

A

Primase, Okazaki fragment

56
Q

acts as “messenger”

A

mRNA

57
Q

translate genetic information into protein sequence

A

tRNA

58
Q

75 - 90 nucleotides

A

tRNA

59
Q

reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together

A

rRNA

60
Q

1,500 - 4,700 nucleotides

A

rRNA

61
Q
A

BIOTECHNOLOGY (4 decks)

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