CHAPTER 2 - part 1 Flashcards
Smallest structural units of living
matter and compose of all living
thing.
CELL
All cells have a genetic information
in the form of
deoxyribonucleic acid
Do not have nucleus
Prokaryotic cell
What organisms are considered prokaryotes?
Cyanobacteria, Eubacteria, and Domain Archaea
Single circular molecule DNA of prokaryotes is located in
Nucleoid region
Size of prokaryotic cell
100 nm - 10 micrometer
True nucleus
Eukaryotic cell
Members of the eukaryotes
Plants, animals, fungi, protist
Size of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
10 - 100 micrometer
Cell’s fortification
Plasma membrane
Cells’ environment
Cytoplasm
Cell’s powerplant
Mitochondria
Cell’s factories
Ribosome
Cell’s stomach
Lysosome
Cell’s pipe system
Endoplasmic reticulum
Cell’s delivery center
Golgi apparatus
Cell’s anchor
Centrosome
Cell’s firemen
Peroxisome
Cell’s shapeshifter
Cytoskeleton
Cell’s compartments
Vacuole
Cell’s brain
Nucleus
In plasma membrane, it acts as receptors and cell recognition
Externally facing proteins
Cellular region between the nuclear and plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Responsible for protein synthesis
Ribosome
Vesicles filled with digestive
proteins, can absorb
something and break it
down into recyclable pieces
Lysosome
It tags vesicles and
proteins to help them get
carried to their correct
destinations
Golgi apparatus
Organizes and produces
the microtubules
of the cell’s cytoskeleton
Centrosome
Vesicles that defend (or
neutralize) the cell from
free radicals
Peroxisome
It modifies the cell’s
shape and ensures
mechanical resistance
to deformation
Cytoskeleton
Organelles that are unique for plants
Central vacuole, Chloroplast, Chromatin
Large membrane-enclosed
compartment.
Used to store ions, waste products,
pigments, protective compounds
Central vacuole
Membrane-enclosed organelle
containing stacked structures
(_______) of chlorophyll-containing
membrane sacs called ______________
surrounded by an inner fluid
(__________)
grana. thylakoid, stroma
Double-membrane structure;
separates nucleoplasm & cytoplasm.
regulates the passage of substances
to and from the nucleus
Nuclear envelope
Dense spherical (non-membranebound) ;composed of ribosomal RNA
and protein.
Nucleoli
Granular, thread-like material
composed of DNA and histone
proteins.DNA contains genes
Chromatin
Location of calvin cycle
Stroma
Location of photosynthesis
Thylakoid
Location of glycolysis
Cytoplasm
Location of TCA cycle
Mitochondrial matrix
Location of ETC
Inner mitochondrial matrix
In a DNA molecule,
there is an equal number between the bases (A) (T), and between
the bases (G) (C)
Chargaff’s rule
Building block of DNA
Nucleotide
Nucleotide components
Pentose sugar (deoxyribose), Phosphate group, Nitrogenous base
Purines:
Adenine, Guanine
Pyrimidines
Thymine, Cytosine
For RNA, thymine is replaced with
Uracil
Two strands of nucleotides are
joined together by ______________ _______
between the bases
Hydrogen bonds
the phosphate at carbon 5 is not
bonded to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is
involved in a phosphodiester bond
5’
the phosphate at carbon 5 is bonded
to another nucleotide, but carbon 3 is not
joined
3’
the polarity of each strand is
reversed relative to each other
Antiparallel
The ________ _______ of molecular biology is a theory
stating that genetic information flows only in one
direction, from DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA
directly to protein..
Central dogma
Three major steps in DNA Replication
- Opening of the double helix and Separation of the DNA strands
- Priming of the template strand
- Assembly of the new DNA segment
__________ unwinds the parental double helix
Helicase
The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by ______ ________________
DNA Polymerase
The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. _________ synthesized a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA Polymerase to form an __________ _________
Primase, Okazaki fragment
acts as “messenger”
mRNA
translate genetic information into protein sequence
tRNA
75 - 90 nucleotides
tRNA
reading the order of amino acids and linking amino acids together
rRNA
1,500 - 4,700 nucleotides
rRNA
