CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
Biotechnology was used by ________________ in ___________ in his book called _____________________________________________.
Karl Ereky, 1919, Biotechnology of Meat, Fat and Milk Production in an Agricultural Large-Scale Fram”
The direct manipulation of nature for the benefit of mankind at the subcellular and molecular levels.
Biotechnology
Is defined as the industrial use of recombinant DNA, cell diffusion and novel bioprocessing techniques
“New” biotechnology
Also known as CGN-89564-2
Flavr Savr
A genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to have a license
Flavr Savr
In July 2021, the Philippines became the first country in the world to approve ______ ______ for commercial propagation.
Golden rice
A biological product which is given to individuals to strengthen their immune system towards the attacks of bacteria and pathogens.
Vaccine
Are subunit vaccines where selected genes are introduced into the plants and the transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein
Edible vaccines/Green vaccines
Stages of Biotechnology
Ancient, Classical, Modern
Took place before the the1880s’; Humans learned to plant crops and domesticated animals for food.
Ancient biotech
When did human start to use fermentation?
9000 BC
Was considered the oldest microbe to be used for the benefit of mankind (bread, vinegar, alcoholic beverages)
Yeast
Were produced from crossbreeding male donkey and a female horse, used for transporting loads and farming.
Mule
1800s - mid-20th century
Classical biotech
Fermentation promoted food production and medicine; Mass production of different types of fermented beverages.
Classical biotech
Genetic manipulation of organisms
Modern
Planting and gathering
10000 - 9000 BC
Sumerians use yeast to make beer and wine
6000 BC
Farming existence
5000 BC
Egyptians used yeast for bread and wine
4000 BC
Early farmers saved seeds
4000 BC - 1600 AD
Peruvians select potatoes
3000 BC - 2000 AD
Europe’s first hybrid plant by Thomas Fairchild
1700 - 1720
Cultivation of legumes
1750 - 1850
Sumerians invented brewing process
1763
Smallpox vaccine by _______ ________ in ______
Edward Jenner, 1796
Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur in ______
1861
Gregor Mendel-hereditary in _______
1866
Crossbreed cotton
1870 - 1890
Russet Burbank potato and later several new hybrid fruits
1871 - 1900s
William James Beal - world’s first Hybrid corn/yellowish white corn
1879
Robert Koch observed the growth of bacteria on potato slices (1
st ever solid medium for the growth of microorganisms)
1881
Walther Flemming - chromosomes
1882
Who developed the vaccine against rabies in _________?
Louis Pasteur, 1885
1st U.S. hybrid corn produced through self-pollination
1908
production of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisea)
1915
phages (viruses that only infect bacteria) were discovered
1915
the word ‘biotechnology’ coined by Hungarian
immigrant Karl Ereky.
1919
Flemming discovered the naturally derived antibiotic penicillin from the fungi ____________ ______.
1928, Penicillium rubens.
described the impact of X-rays and
radium on barley mutation
1928
hybrid corn becomes available
commercially in the United States,
causing corn yields to triple over the past
50 years
1933
discovery that chemicals can cause mutations
1941
Avery, MacLeod & McCarty discover DNA is the genetic
molecule.
1944
They describe the double helix structure of DNA in _________
Watson and Crick, 1953
work on creating high yield varieties of major grains - launching the Green Revolution.
1960s
discovery of restriction enzymes which opened the way for gene cloning.
1971
They successfully splice a gene from one
organism and move it into another, launching the modern
biotechnology era
Cohen and Boyer
Boyer’s lab created a synthetic version of the human insulin gene.
1978
first transgenic animals are produced by
transferring genes from other animals into
mice.
1981
the first transgenic plant is produced - a
_________ plant resistant to an antibiotic.
1982, tobacco
human insulin produced by ____________ _____ , 1
st production of modern biotech released commercially through Genetic Engineering.
1982, Escherichia coli
In _____, the ______________ ______ _________ (PCR) technique, which
makes unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, is
conceived.
1983, Polymerase chain reaction
field trials for biotech plants that are resistant to insects,
viruses and bacteria are held in the United States.
1985
first recombinant vaccine is approved for human use:
hepatitis B and the first anti cancer drug is produced through
biotech: interferon.
1986
DNA fingerprinting was used to convict a crime
suspect in UK.
1987
genetic modifications used to make chymosin, an
enzyme used in making hard cheese.
1990
The Human Genome Project was launched, an
international effort to map all of the genes in the human
genome.
1990
1st transgenic animal was born (Tracey), a sheep with
human genes for production of human therapeutic proteins in
her milk
1991
China first to put GM crops
on sale, namely VR tobacco and a tomato
Late 1980s/Early 1990s
, transgenic FlavrSavr® tomato is approved for
sale in U.S.
1994
, GM tomato paste approved in the UK, 1
ST
GM herbicide tolerant soya beans & insect
protected maize approved in the E.U; these crops
are known as the Bt crops.
1996
the birth of _______ ____ _______, the first animal
cloned from an adult cell
1997, Dolly the Sheep
human embryonic stem cell lines are established
1998
, golden rice stimulates production of ________ __ and prevent blindness.
1999, Vitamin A
the first entire plant genome is sequenced, _____________ __________.
2000, Arabidopsis thaliana
U.S. and Canadian scientists develop a transgenic tomato that
thrives in salty conditions.
2001
Six GM crops
soybeans, corn, cotton, papaya, squash, canola
the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) study
found that six GM crops planted in the USA - soybeans, corn, cotton,
papaya, squash and canola produced an additional 4 billion pounds of
food and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income.
2002
the draft of the human genome was published
2002
farmers in 18 countries plant GM crops on 67.7 million
hectares.
2003
the SARS virus is sequenced three weeks after its
discovery
2003
farmers in 17 countries plant GM crops on 81.0 million
hectares.
2004
, first cloned pet (a kitten, CopyCat or Cc) was delivered to
its owner.
2004
farmers in 21 countries plant GM crops on 90.0 million
hectares.
2005
recombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)
receives FDA approval.
2006
, 1st modern biotech drug was approved for release in
Europe (then in USA in 2009): anti-clotting protein produced in
goat milk.
2006
1st blue rose was released commercially in Japan.
2009
Drs. J. Gurdon (Cambridge University) and S. Yamanka (Kyoto
University) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine –
discovered that mature, specialized cells can be reprogrammed to
become immature cells, capable of developing into all tissues of the
body
2012
CRISPR means
(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).
CRISPR-Cas9, a gene editing tool; discovered in bacteria,
operate like an immune system against invading viruses ^CRISPR
2013
Ebola vaccine by Canada (Ebola was discovered in Africa,
outbreak in 2014-2016)
2015
China successfully cloned monkeys (1st time on primates
2015
10 colors of biotech
Green - Agriculture
Red - Medical
White - Industrial
Gold - Bioinformatics
Grey - Environment Protection
Blue - Marine (Aquatic)
Yellow - Food Nutritional
Violet -IPR, Ethics and Biosafety
Brown - Arid and Desert
Dark - Bioterrorism, Biological Weapons
- uses living cells and cell materials
to produce pharmaceutical and
diagnostic products that help treat
and prevent human diseases.
Medical ‘red’ Biotech
treating diseases
by inserting genes into a patient
or replacing diseased genes with
normal genes.
Gene therapy
using stem
cells to produce various organs
and tissues and the laboratory
and transplanting these to replace
damaged organs or tissues
Stem cell therapy
– makes
use of living cells derived from sources such as
plants, bacteria, and yeasts, and creates
products that need less resources during their
production - produce less waste.
Industrial ‘white’ biotech
fastest-growing biotechnology field that uses
microorganisms in chemical production,
plastics, textiles, biofuels, cosmetics, paper,
textile, tanning, and food products.
industrial
- concentrates on technologies
related to agriculture, such as
when it comes to finding ways to
produce stronger crops or creating
new biopesticides to reduce the
many chemicals used by farmers.
Agricultural ‘green’ biotech
pest-resistant
plants, foods with higher protein or
vitamin content and drugs developed and
grown as plant products.
Genetically engineered
the use of plants as
sources of pharmaceutical products is an
application of agricultural biotechnology.
Molecular pharming
involves
the application of science and
engineering for the direct or indirect
use of aquatic organisms or parts or
products of living aquatic organisms
in their natural or modified forms.
Aquatic ‘blue’ biotech
is related to
using Biotechnological techniques for the
development of nutrition-rich products.
Nutritional ‘yellow’ biotech
Management of deserts, arid lands, and dry and
saline soils for growing high-valued commercial
crops.
brown biotech
It includes intellectual property rights, laws, ethical
issues, biosafety, biosecurity, philosophic issues,
and legal issues
Violet biotech
Violet biotech started in _____ when genetically modified
microorganisms (GMOs) first-time patent was
started.
1980
Biotechnological techniques in terrorism,
biological weapons, biowarfare, and
development of toxins that are harmful to
all types of living organisms like humans,
animals, and plants.
Dark biotech
Most advanced form of Biotechnology
Bioinformatics ‘gold’ biotech
Deals with all the types of computational
biology techniques (computer science, chip
technology, nanobiotechnology)
Gold biotech
also known as Environmental Biotechnology
that related to environmental applications
and focuses on the solutions to
environmental problems.
Grey biotech
includes the dissemination of
information of interest to the other
branches. t is carried out both in the
fields of education and scientific
dissemination with new advances in
biotechnologies.
Orange biotech
Other types of biotech
Forensic, Bioremediation, Animal
Forensic analysis of biological evidence
using biotechnology methods (DNA
Fingerprinting).
Forensic biotech
the use of biotechnology to process and
degrade a variety of natural and
humanmade substances, particularly those
that contribute to environmental pollution.
Bioremediation
the molecular biology
techniques are used to genetically engineer (i.e.
modify the genome) animals in order to
improve their suitability for agriculture,
industrial, or pharmaceutical applications.
Animal biotech
Animals can be used as _____________ to
produce important products – e.g. goats, cattle,
sheep, and chickens are being used as sources
of medically valuable proteins such as
antibodies (for immunity).
bioreactors
Two basic techniques used in biotech
Tissue culture, Genetic engineering
Soft biotech, which includes bio-fertilizer and vermiculture
Tissue culture
Hard biotech, which includes rDNA technology
Genetic engineering
Available careers in biotech
Epidemiologists, Bioengineer, Crime lab technician, Food scientist
– studies the cause of diseases by performing
experiments, analyzing data and doing surveys
Epidemiologists
the field that combines engineering and biology
and usually involves designing products for the medical industry, like
artificial organs or devices such as MRIs.
Bioengineer
analyzes evidence from a crime scene.
Crime lab technician
works in the food manufacturing industry and aims
to improve the taste, texture and look of various food products.
Food scientists
