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BIOTECHNOLOGY > CHAPTER 1 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biotechnology was used by ________________ in ___________ in his book called _____________________________________________.

A

Karl Ereky, 1919, Biotechnology of Meat, Fat and Milk Production in an Agricultural Large-Scale Fram”

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2
Q

The direct manipulation of nature for the benefit of mankind at the subcellular and molecular levels.

A

Biotechnology

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3
Q

Is defined as the industrial use of recombinant DNA, cell diffusion and novel bioprocessing techniques

A

“New” biotechnology

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4
Q

Also known as CGN-89564-2

A

Flavr Savr

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5
Q

A genetically modified tomato, was the first commercially grown genetically engineered food to have a license

A

Flavr Savr

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6
Q

In July 2021, the Philippines became the first country in the world to approve ______ ______ for commercial propagation.

A

Golden rice

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7
Q

A biological product which is given to individuals to strengthen their immune system towards the attacks of bacteria and pathogens.

A

Vaccine

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8
Q

Are subunit vaccines where selected genes are introduced into the plants and the transgenic plant is then induced to manufacture the encoded protein

A

Edible vaccines/Green vaccines

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9
Q

Stages of Biotechnology

A

Ancient, Classical, Modern

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10
Q

Took place before the the1880s’; Humans learned to plant crops and domesticated animals for food.

A

Ancient biotech

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11
Q

When did human start to use fermentation?

A

9000 BC

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12
Q

Was considered the oldest microbe to be used for the benefit of mankind (bread, vinegar, alcoholic beverages)

A

Yeast

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13
Q

Were produced from crossbreeding male donkey and a female horse, used for transporting loads and farming.

A

Mule

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14
Q

1800s - mid-20th century

A

Classical biotech

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15
Q

Fermentation promoted food production and medicine; Mass production of different types of fermented beverages.

A

Classical biotech

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16
Q

Genetic manipulation of organisms

A

Modern

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17
Q

Planting and gathering

A

10000 - 9000 BC

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18
Q

Sumerians use yeast to make beer and wine

A

6000 BC

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19
Q

Farming existence

A

5000 BC

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20
Q

Egyptians used yeast for bread and wine

A

4000 BC

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21
Q

Early farmers saved seeds

A

4000 BC - 1600 AD

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22
Q

Peruvians select potatoes

A

3000 BC - 2000 AD

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23
Q

Europe’s first hybrid plant by Thomas Fairchild

A

1700 - 1720

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24
Q

Cultivation of legumes

A

1750 - 1850

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25
Q

Sumerians invented brewing process

A

1763

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26
Q

Smallpox vaccine by _______ ________ in ______

A

Edward Jenner, 1796

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27
Q

Pasteurization by Louis Pasteur in ______

A

1861

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28
Q

Gregor Mendel-hereditary in _______

A

1866

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29
Q

Crossbreed cotton

A

1870 - 1890

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30
Q

Russet Burbank potato and later several new hybrid fruits

A

1871 - 1900s

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31
Q

William James Beal - world’s first Hybrid corn/yellowish white corn

A

1879

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32
Q

Robert Koch observed the growth of bacteria on potato slices (1
st ever solid medium for the growth of microorganisms)

A

1881

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33
Q

Walther Flemming - chromosomes

A

1882

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34
Q

Who developed the vaccine against rabies in _________?

A

Louis Pasteur, 1885

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35
Q

1st U.S. hybrid corn produced through self-pollination

A

1908

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36
Q

production of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisea)

A

1915

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37
Q

phages (viruses that only infect bacteria) were discovered

A

1915

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38
Q

the word ‘biotechnology’ coined by Hungarian
immigrant Karl Ereky.

A

1919

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39
Q

Flemming discovered the naturally derived antibiotic penicillin from the fungi ____________ ______.

A

1928, Penicillium rubens.

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40
Q

described the impact of X-rays and
radium on barley mutation

A

1928

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41
Q

hybrid corn becomes available
commercially in the United States,
causing corn yields to triple over the past
50 years

A

1933

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42
Q

discovery that chemicals can cause mutations

A

1941

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43
Q

Avery, MacLeod & McCarty discover DNA is the genetic
molecule.

A

1944

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44
Q

They describe the double helix structure of DNA in _________

A

Watson and Crick, 1953

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45
Q

work on creating high yield varieties of major grains - launching the Green Revolution.

A

1960s

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46
Q

discovery of restriction enzymes which opened the way for gene cloning.

A

1971

47
Q

They successfully splice a gene from one
organism and move it into another, launching the modern
biotechnology era

A

Cohen and Boyer

48
Q

Boyer’s lab created a synthetic version of the human insulin gene.

A

1978

49
Q

first transgenic animals are produced by
transferring genes from other animals into
mice.

A

1981

50
Q

the first transgenic plant is produced - a
_________ plant resistant to an antibiotic.

A

1982, tobacco

51
Q

human insulin produced by ____________ _____ , 1
st production of modern biotech released commercially through Genetic Engineering.

A

1982, Escherichia coli

52
Q

In _____, the ______________ ______ _________ (PCR) technique, which
makes unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, is
conceived.

A

1983, Polymerase chain reaction

53
Q

field trials for biotech plants that are resistant to insects,
viruses and bacteria are held in the United States.

A

1985

54
Q

first recombinant vaccine is approved for human use:
hepatitis B and the first anti cancer drug is produced through
biotech: interferon.

A

1986

55
Q

DNA fingerprinting was used to convict a crime
suspect in UK.

A

1987

56
Q

genetic modifications used to make chymosin, an
enzyme used in making hard cheese.

A

1990

57
Q

The Human Genome Project was launched, an
international effort to map all of the genes in the human
genome.

A

1990

58
Q

1st transgenic animal was born (Tracey), a sheep with
human genes for production of human therapeutic proteins in
her milk

A

1991

59
Q

China first to put GM crops
on sale, namely VR tobacco and a tomato

A

Late 1980s/Early 1990s

60
Q

, transgenic FlavrSavr® tomato is approved for
sale in U.S.

A

1994

61
Q

, GM tomato paste approved in the UK, 1
ST
GM herbicide tolerant soya beans & insect
protected maize approved in the E.U; these crops
are known as the Bt crops.

A

1996

62
Q

the birth of _______ ____ _______, the first animal
cloned from an adult cell

A

1997, Dolly the Sheep

63
Q

human embryonic stem cell lines are established

A

1998

64
Q

, golden rice stimulates production of ________ __ and prevent blindness.

A

1999, Vitamin A

65
Q

the first entire plant genome is sequenced, _____________ __________.

A

2000, Arabidopsis thaliana

66
Q

U.S. and Canadian scientists develop a transgenic tomato that
thrives in salty conditions.

A

2001

67
Q

Six GM crops

A

soybeans, corn, cotton, papaya, squash, canola

68
Q

the National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy (NCFAP) study
found that six GM crops planted in the USA - soybeans, corn, cotton,
papaya, squash and canola produced an additional 4 billion pounds of
food and fiber on the same acreage, improved farm income.

A

2002

69
Q

the draft of the human genome was published

A

2002

70
Q

farmers in 18 countries plant GM crops on 67.7 million
hectares.

A

2003

71
Q

the SARS virus is sequenced three weeks after its
discovery

A

2003

72
Q

farmers in 17 countries plant GM crops on 81.0 million
hectares.

A

2004

73
Q

, first cloned pet (a kitten, CopyCat or Cc) was delivered to
its owner.

A

2004

74
Q

farmers in 21 countries plant GM crops on 90.0 million
hectares.

A

2005

75
Q

recombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV)
receives FDA approval.

A

2006

76
Q

, 1st modern biotech drug was approved for release in
Europe (then in USA in 2009): anti-clotting protein produced in
goat milk.

A

2006

77
Q

1st blue rose was released commercially in Japan.

A

2009

78
Q

Drs. J. Gurdon (Cambridge University) and S. Yamanka (Kyoto
University) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine –
discovered that mature, specialized cells can be reprogrammed to
become immature cells, capable of developing into all tissues of the
body

A

2012

79
Q

CRISPR means

A

(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats).

80
Q

CRISPR-Cas9, a gene editing tool; discovered in bacteria,
operate like an immune system against invading viruses ^CRISPR

A

2013

81
Q

Ebola vaccine by Canada (Ebola was discovered in Africa,
outbreak in 2014-2016)

A

2015

82
Q

China successfully cloned monkeys (1st time on primates

A

2015

83
Q

10 colors of biotech

A

Green - Agriculture
Red - Medical
White - Industrial
Gold - Bioinformatics
Grey - Environment Protection
Blue - Marine (Aquatic)
Yellow - Food Nutritional
Violet -IPR, Ethics and Biosafety
Brown - Arid and Desert
Dark - Bioterrorism, Biological Weapons

84
Q
  • uses living cells and cell materials
    to produce pharmaceutical and
    diagnostic products that help treat
    and prevent human diseases.
A

Medical ‘red’ Biotech

85
Q

treating diseases
by inserting genes into a patient
or replacing diseased genes with
normal genes.

A

Gene therapy

86
Q

using stem
cells to produce various organs
and tissues and the laboratory
and transplanting these to replace
damaged organs or tissues

A

Stem cell therapy

87
Q

– makes
use of living cells derived from sources such as
plants, bacteria, and yeasts, and creates
products that need less resources during their
production - produce less waste.

A

Industrial ‘white’ biotech

88
Q

fastest-growing biotechnology field that uses
microorganisms in chemical production,
plastics, textiles, biofuels, cosmetics, paper,
textile, tanning, and food products.

A

industrial

89
Q
  • concentrates on technologies
    related to agriculture, such as
    when it comes to finding ways to
    produce stronger crops or creating
    new biopesticides to reduce the
    many chemicals used by farmers.
A

Agricultural ‘green’ biotech

90
Q

pest-resistant
plants, foods with higher protein or
vitamin content and drugs developed and
grown as plant products.

A

Genetically engineered

91
Q

the use of plants as
sources of pharmaceutical products is an
application of agricultural biotechnology.

A

Molecular pharming

92
Q

involves
the application of science and
engineering for the direct or indirect
use of aquatic organisms or parts or
products of living aquatic organisms
in their natural or modified forms.

A

Aquatic ‘blue’ biotech

93
Q

is related to
using Biotechnological techniques for the
development of nutrition-rich products.

A

Nutritional ‘yellow’ biotech

94
Q

Management of deserts, arid lands, and dry and
saline soils for growing high-valued commercial
crops.

A

brown biotech

95
Q

It includes intellectual property rights, laws, ethical
issues, biosafety, biosecurity, philosophic issues,
and legal issues

A

Violet biotech

96
Q

Violet biotech started in _____ when genetically modified
microorganisms (GMOs) first-time patent was
started.

A

1980

97
Q

Biotechnological techniques in terrorism,
biological weapons, biowarfare, and
development of toxins that are harmful to
all types of living organisms like humans,
animals, and plants.

A

Dark biotech

98
Q

Most advanced form of Biotechnology

A

Bioinformatics ‘gold’ biotech

99
Q

Deals with all the types of computational
biology techniques (computer science, chip
technology, nanobiotechnology)

A

Gold biotech

100
Q

also known as Environmental Biotechnology
that related to environmental applications
and focuses on the solutions to
environmental problems.

A

Grey biotech

101
Q

includes the dissemination of
information of interest to the other
branches. t is carried out both in the
fields of education and scientific
dissemination with new advances in
biotechnologies.

A

Orange biotech

102
Q

Other types of biotech

A

Forensic, Bioremediation, Animal

103
Q

Forensic analysis of biological evidence
using biotechnology methods (DNA
Fingerprinting).

A

Forensic biotech

104
Q

the use of biotechnology to process and
degrade a variety of natural and
humanmade substances, particularly those
that contribute to environmental pollution.

A

Bioremediation

105
Q

the molecular biology
techniques are used to genetically engineer (i.e.
modify the genome) animals in order to
improve their suitability for agriculture,
industrial, or pharmaceutical applications.

A

Animal biotech

106
Q

Animals can be used as _____________ to
produce important products – e.g. goats, cattle,
sheep, and chickens are being used as sources
of medically valuable proteins such as
antibodies (for immunity).

A

bioreactors

107
Q

Two basic techniques used in biotech

A

Tissue culture, Genetic engineering

108
Q

Soft biotech, which includes bio-fertilizer and vermiculture

A

Tissue culture

109
Q

Hard biotech, which includes rDNA technology

A

Genetic engineering

110
Q

Available careers in biotech

A

Epidemiologists, Bioengineer, Crime lab technician, Food scientist

111
Q

– studies the cause of diseases by performing
experiments, analyzing data and doing surveys

A

Epidemiologists

112
Q

the field that combines engineering and biology
and usually involves designing products for the medical industry, like
artificial organs or devices such as MRIs.

A

Bioengineer

113
Q

analyzes evidence from a crime scene.

A

Crime lab technician

114
Q

works in the food manufacturing industry and aims
to improve the taste, texture and look of various food products.

A

Food scientists

BIOTECHNOLOGY (2 decks)

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