Chapter 2 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Examples: (sugars)
Glucose; starch; glycogen, sucrose; maltose; etc.
Function:
-Ingested carbs are converted into glucose, which is used during cellular respiration to make ATP (energy cash)
-Produced carbohydrates can be used to build structures (cellulose for plants) or saved as energy reserves (glycogen -animals and starch-plants). If humans eat glycogen or starch we could break down into glucose, cannot digest cellulose
Chemistry: Hydrophillic organic molecule made up of carbon molecules, 2:1 ratio of H to O
General formula CH2O
Glucose=C6H12O6
Where in a molecule is energy stored?
In the covalent bond
Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Monosaccharide: ex: glucose, fructose, & galactose
-Carb monomer: smallest building block of a macromolecule
General formula is C6H12O6
Disaccharide:
2 monosaccharides linked
ex: sucrose=glucose + fructose or
lactose=glucose + galactose
Polysaccharides
Largest carbohydrates that can contain hundreds of
monosaccharides (like glucose)
Ex: glycogen: principle polysaccharide in the human (made from glucose). Glucose reservoir in liver and skeletal muscle
When blood sugar level drops, the liver hydrolyzes glycogen to yield glucose which is released into the blood
Starch plays same role in plants, but we can digest it like glucose
Cellulose is a chain of glucose in plants used for structure; we cannot digest it BECAUSE how the glucoses are bonded together. Our digestive tract has enzymes that can breakdown glycogen and starch but we don’t have one that can digest cellulose.
Lipids
Examples: fatty acids, triglycerides, cholesterol steroids, and phospholipids
Chemistry: Hydrophobic organic molecule composed of CHO
Lipids vs. carbs:
-lipids are more oxidized (more H connected to C=more bonds=more energy storage);
-up to 18:1 ratio of H to O (more calories/gram & more energy dense) due to more covalent bonds
Lipids are great long-term storage vs carbohydrates because more energy storage in smaller space. (2x more energy in lipid weight rather than carb)
Triglycerides
Made up of glycerol backbone & 3 fatty acids
Most plentiful lipid in the body stored in adipose tissue that:
-Protect, insulate, & provide energy (immediate & stored)
-Triglyceride storage is unlimited, and excess carbs, proteins, and lipids are deposited in adipose tissue as triglycerides.
We turn sugars into triglycerides
Phospholipids
Made up of: Glyogen backbone + phosphate + 2 fatty acids
Phosphate is hydrophillic, fatty acids are hydrophobic=Amphipathic (both)
-creates cells and organelle membranes: all fatty acids point toward middle with phosphate on outside
Steroids
Lipid molecules that have four rings of C that are produced from cholesterol
Function as communication molecules for hormones or digestion accessory molecules in bile salts
-includes sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen, & progesterone
-adrenal hormones such as cortisol
-bile salts (Necessary for lipid digestion)
-Vitamin D (hormone for calcium homeostasis)
Nuclei Acids & Nucleotides
Nucleic acid:
Examples: DNA & RNA (strung together nucleotides)
Monomer for all is nucleotides:
-3 components:
—Nitrogenous base (A, C, G, T, or U)
—Sugar (monosaccharide)
—One or more phosphate group
Important Nucleic acid and nucleotides in the body
Some independent nucleotides function as independent monomers:
-ATP energy cash and carries energy and phosphate bonds
ATP stands for Adenosine (base) + TRI 3 phosphates
cyclic AMP - cAMP & cyclic GMP - cGMP
-second messenger system found inside cell that cause inside cel reactions to outside cell receptor
-changes physiology of target cells
DNA carries genetic code; major blueprint for protein production
RNA (ribonucleic acid) assists with synthesis of protein:
A copy of RNA is a MRNA are produced when gene expression takes place —>ribosome—>assists w/synthesis of proteins
Proteins
Ex: collagen, keratin, Enzymes
Chemistry: monomer= Amino acid
C w/3 attachments:
-amino group (NH2)
-Carboxyl group (COOH)
-Radical group (R group)
20 unique amino acids with different R groups, properties of amino acid is determined by the R groups (could be hydrophobic and fold in on themselves)
Combination of amino acids in the protein determines its structure and function.
Peptides
Dipetides: 2 amino acids joined by a dehydration reactions. —Two monomers hooked together and a water molecule is lost
-Covalent bond called a peptide bond is between two amino acids
Polypeptide chains contain 10 t0 2000 amino acids (fully functional proteins)
Function of proteins
Most diverse in shape and function!
Function:
-Structure
-Communication: some hormones (insulin, growth hormones), cell receptors
-Membrane transport: channels, carriers
-Catalysts: enzymes
-Recognition & protection: antigens (self-recognition), antibodies (immune system), clotting proteins
-Movement: molecular motor, flagella, contractile proteins in skeletal muscle
-Cell adhesion: proteins bind cells together
Function is dependent on the 3D shape of individual protein
