Chapter 2: Nucleic Acids Convey Genetic Information

Question 1

Homopolymers built from single enzymes are …

Answer 1

Lipids and carbohydrates

Question 2

Polypeptide chains, non repetitive heteropolymers are called …

Answer 2

Proteins

Question 3

What is the Central Dogma?

Answer 3

DNA –> RNA –> Protein

Question 4

This procedure involves bacteria culture exposed to UV light and grown on a completely different media

Answer 4

Replica plating

Question 5

The major classes of macromolecules

Answer 5

Lipids and carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic Acid

Question 6

Polynucleotide chains are called …

Answer 6

Nucleic acid

Question 7

Can the order of amino acids (which are non-repetitive) be determined by enzymes

Answer 7

Enzymes cannot specify order for non-repetitive heteropolymers

Question 8

Grifftih’s experimented with _________ __________

Answer 8

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Question 9

The Two strains used in Griffith’s pneumoniae are …..

Answer 9

1. Rough strain (R)

2. Smooth strain (S)

Question 10

True or False:

The Rough strain (R) of Griffith’s Pneumoniae experiment is non-pathogenic

Answer 10

True

Question 11

True or False:

The smooth strain (S) of Griffith’s pneumoniae experiment is non-pathogenic

Answer 11

FALSE
Smooth strain (S) is pathogenic (virulent), has a polysaccharide capsule to protect itself from the immune system

Question 12

True or False:

Non-viruent R strains gain virulence when mixed with heat-killed S virulent strains.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

Transformation is the process by which …

Answer 13

R strains were transformed into S strains by heat killed extracts of virulent S

Question 14

What experiment set the stage for identifying DNA as the genetic material

Answer 14

Griffith’s Pneumonia experiment

Question 15

Who followed up on Griffiths experiment and discovered that DNA was the transforming agent

Answer 15

Oswald Avery

Question 16

The avery experiment demonstrated that DNA was the genetic material because

Answer 16

S. pneumoniae extracts digested with deoxyribonuclease disrupted the transformation

Question 17

Chargaff’s Experiment consist of …

Answer 17

A=T
G=C
Disproves the tetra-nucleotide hypothesis

Question 18

Hershey Chase experiment involved studying

Answer 18

Bacteriophage T2, a virus that infects a bacterial host

Question 19

Bacteriophage undergoes 4 steps:

Answer 19

1) absorption
2) penetration
3) replication
4) release of virions

Question 20

The first to synthesize ATP and showed DNA chains are held together by 3’–>5’ phosphodiester bonds

Answer 20

Alexander Todd

Question 21

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 21

Took an image of DNA which confirmed DNA is helical and composed of two strands

Question 22

If Hershey and Chase found S(35) in progeny phages rather then P(32), their experiment would have demonstrated that …

Answer 22

phage protein enters the host cell

Question 23

Nucleotide is the composition of ..

Answer 23

Base, sugar, and phosphate

Question 24

Synthesis direction of DNA strand is

Answer 24

5’ –> 3’

Question 25

DNA template is read

Answer 25

3' --> 5'

Question 26

Who studied DNA replication using N(14) and N(15) diffetential labeling of DNA and cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation to show separation of complementary strands during DNA replication?

Answer 26

Meselson and Stahl

Question 27

Meselson and Stahl's conservative replication is ...

Answer 27

One daughter dsDNA is heavy (both original strands) and the other daughters dsDNA is light (both newly synthesized strands)

Question 28

Meselson and Stahl's semiconservative replication is ...

Answer 28

Each of two daughters dsDNA should be of hybrid density (one original. one newly synthesized strand)

Question 29

Meselson and Stahl's dispersive replication is ...

Answer 29

dsDNA strands broken every ~10 bp and used to prime synthesis. Both strands contain both old and new DNA, after the first few generations DNA is predominately light

Question 30

Who proved DNA replication is semiconservative

Answer 30

Meselson and Stahl

Question 31

In the Meselson and Stahl experiment, when starting with N(15) DNA, what would be found after one generation of replication when switching to N(14)

Answer 31

Hybrid DNA only (N(15)/N(14))

Question 32

DNA --> RNA | What is the process called?

Answer 32

Transcription

Question 33

RNA --> Protein

Answer 33

Translation

Question 34

True of False: | RNA has an OH on the 2' carbon

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

Alternator adaptor molecule

Answer 35

Where amino acids are first attached to a specific adaptor that recognize both the amino acid and RNA. Proposed by Crick.

Question 36

Aminoacyl-tRNA

Answer 36

- Amino acid + ATP --> aminoacyl-AMP | - Aminoacyl-AMP +tRNA --> AMP +aminoacyl-tRNA (acyl linkage)

Question 37

Transcription uses a ________ that recognizes sequences at -10 and -35

Answer 37

Sigma factor

Question 38

What are the two types of termination?

Answer 38

Rho dependent and Rho independent