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Psych > Chapter 2 Note Packet: > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Note Packet: Flashcards

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1
Q

The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable is called ….

A

Hindsight bias

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2
Q

Hindsight bias is common in both ………

A

Children and adults

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3
Q

our everyday thinking is also limited by ……….. in what we think we know -

A

Overconfidence

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4
Q

Most people are ………. in predicting their social behavior -

A

Equally wrong

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5
Q

The scientific approach is characterized by the attitudes of ……. and ………. and ……..

A

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

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6
Q

Cause and effect =

A

Scientific method

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7
Q

Scientific inquiry thus encourages reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions, which is called …….

A

Critical thinking

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8
Q

Psychological science uses the ……… to evaluate competing ideas -

A

Scientific method

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9
Q

Psychologists make careful observations and form theories, which are based on ……..

A

New observations

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10
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events is a -

A

Theory

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11
Q

Testable predictions that allow a scientists to evaluate a theory are called -

A

Hypothesis

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12
Q

Hypothesis predictions give direction to …..

A

Research

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13
Q

To prevent theoretical bias from influencing scientific observations, research must be reported precisely - by using clear …….

A

Operational definitions

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14
Q

The ….. is the extent to which it effectively organizes a reports and observations and implies clear predictions -

A

test of a useful theory

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15
Q

Psychologists conduct research by using ……..

A

Descriptive, correlation, experimental methods

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16
Q

The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth to reveal universal principles of behavior is the ……..

A

Case study

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17
Q

An oral survey =

A

Interview

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18
Q

Although case studies can suggest hypothesis for further study, a problem w/ this method is that any given individual may be ……. -

A

Atypical

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19
Q

The method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior is the ……

A

Survey

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20
Q

An important factor in the validity of surgery reassert is the order and …… of questions -

A

Wording

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21
Q

We are more likely to overgeneralize and make other mistaken judgements from select samples that are especially ……

A

Vivid

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22
Q

Surveys try to obtain a ……

A

Random sample

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23
Q

In such a sample, every person has a chance of being …..

A

Included

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24
Q

Large, representative samples are better than …… ones -

A

Small

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25
Q

The research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environments is called ….

A

Naturalistic observation

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26
Q

Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do NOT explain …….

A

Behavior

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27
Q

Case studies, surveys, and obersvations simply describe ….

A

Behavior

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28
Q

Most people are more likely to laugh in ……. situations than in ……. situations -

A

Social

Solitary

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29
Q

The pace of life ……. from one culture to another -

A

Varies

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30
Q

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another, the two factors are said to be …., and one is thus able to predict -

A

Correlated

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31
Q

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another, the two factors are said to be correlated, and one is thus able to predict -

This is called …..

A

Correlation coefficient

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32
Q

A graphical representation of a correlation coefficient relationship is called …..

A

A scatter plot

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33
Q

If two factors increase or decrease together they are …..

A

Positively correlated

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34
Q

In one decreases as the other one increases they are …..

A

Negatively correlated

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35
Q

Another way to state the latter is that the two variables relate ……

A

Inversely

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36
Q

A negative correlation between two variables does not indicate the …… or weakness of the relationship. -

A

Strength

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37
Q

Correlation does NOT prove …..

A

Causation

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38
Q

Correlation merely indicates the possibility of a. ……… relationship -

A

Cause - effect

39
Q

A correlation between two events or behaviors means only that one event can be …… from the other -

A

Predicted

40
Q

A correlation does not mean that one …… the other -

A

Caused

41
Q

Correlation thus does not enable …..

A

Explanation

42
Q

A perceived correlation that does not really exist is an ……

A

Illusory correlation

43
Q

People are more likely to notice ad recall events that ….. their beliefs -

A

Confirm

44
Q

Another common tendency is to perceive oder in ……

A

Random events

45
Q

Patterns and streaks in random sequences occur more often than people expect, and they do not appear …..

A

Random

46
Q

To isolate cause and effect, researches ……. control for other factors -

A

Statistically

47
Q

Breast-fed infants …… grow up with higher intelligence scores than those of infants who are bottle-fed -

A

Do

48
Q

By using this method and randomly assigning participants to groups, a researcher manipulates the factor of interest while holding …… other factors -

A

Constant

49
Q

If a behavior changes when an experimental factor is varied, the researcher knows the factor is having an ….

A

Effect

50
Q

When neither the participants nor the person collecting the data knows which condition a particular participant is in, the researcher is making use of the ……….. procedure -

A

Double-blind

51
Q

Researchers sometime give certain participants a pseudotreatment called a -

A

Placebo

52
Q

When merely thinking that one is receiving a treatment produces results, a …………. is said to occur -

A

Placebo effect

53
Q

An experiment must involve two groups -

A

Experimental

Control

54
Q

Group in which people receive the experimental treatment -

A

Experimental

55
Q

Group in which they do not receive the treatment -

A

Control

56
Q

To ensure the two groups are identical, experimenters rely on the ………… of individuals to the experimental conditions -

A

Random assignment

57
Q

The factor that is being manipulated in an experiment -

A

Independent variable

58
Q

Other factors that may influence the results are called -

A

Confounding variables

59
Q

The measurable factor that may change as a result of an experiments manipulations is called the ….

A

Dependent variable

60
Q

Aim of an experiment is to …….

A

Manipulate independent v
Measure dependent v
Control all other v

61
Q

Researchers use these to help them see and interpret their observations -

A

Statistics

62
Q

Once researchers organize data, they must …

A

Organize them

63
Q

One simple way of visually representing data is to use a. ……

A

Bar graph

64
Q

It is import to read the scale labels and note the …… to avoid being misled by misrepresented data -

A

Range

65
Q

3 measures of central tendency -

A

Mean
Median
Mode

66
Q

Most frequently occuring score in distribution is called the -

A

Mode

67
Q

The mean is computed as the …. of all the scores divided by the ….. of scores

A

Sum

Number

68
Q

The median is the score at the …… percentile -

A

50th

69
Q

When a distribution is lopsided or skewed, the ….. can be biased by a few extreme scores

A

Mean

70
Q

Averages derived from scores w/ ….. variability are more reliable than those w/ ….. variability -

A

Low

High

71
Q

The measures of variation include the ….. and the ………..

A

Range

Standard deviation

72
Q

Range is computed as the difference between ……….. scores -

A

Highest and lowest

73
Q

This provides a crude estimate of variation because it is influenced by extreme scores -

A

The range

74
Q

The …….. is a more acccurate measure of variation than range -

A

Standard deviation

75
Q

Unlike the range, the standard deviation does use info from …….

A

Each score in the distribution

76
Q

Symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution in which most scores fall near the mean w/ fewer and fewer near the extremes –

A

Normal curve

77
Q

It is safer to generalize from a ……. sample than from a biased sample-

A

Representative

78
Q

Average scores are more reliable when they are based on scores w/ ………..

A

Low variability

79
Q

Small samples provide a ……. reliable basis for generalizing than large samples -

A

Less

80
Q

The differences are probably real if the sample averages are …… and the difference between them are relatively ……

A

Reliable

Large

81
Q

Psychologists concern is not w/ specific behaviors but w/ the underlying theoretical ……

A

Principles

82
Q

Psychologists conduct experiments to ………

A

Gain control over the variables in the “real world”

83
Q

It refers to the enduring ideas, behaviors, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on from one generation to the next -

A

Culture

84
Q

Although specific attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, the underlying processes are the …..

A

Same

85
Q

Similarities between the genders far outweigh ….

A

Differences

86
Q

Psychologists study animals because of the similarities between ……. and other animals-

A

Humans

87
Q

These studies of animals have led to treatments for ……….. and to a better understanding of human functioning -

A

Human diseases

88
Q

Some people question whether experiments w/ animals are ….

A

Ethical

89
Q

Opposition to animal experimentation also raises the question of what ……. should protect the well-being of animals -

A

Safeguards

90
Q

The ethical principle that research participants should be told enough about the research to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate is……..

A

Informed consent

91
Q

Another import principle is that participants should be fully ……. once the researched is finished -

A

Debriefed

92
Q

Psychologists …….. influence their theories, observations, and professional advice

A

Do

93
Q

……. can be used to manipulate people, its purpose is to enlighten -

A

Psychology

Psych (10 decks)

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