Chapter 2 Note Packet:

Question 1

The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable is called ….

Answer 1

Hindsight bias

Question 2

Hindsight bias is common in both ………

Answer 2

Children and adults

Question 3

our everyday thinking is also limited by ……….. in what we think we know -

Answer 3

Overconfidence

Question 4

Most people are ………. in predicting their social behavior -

Answer 4

Equally wrong

Question 5

The scientific approach is characterized by the attitudes of ……. and ………. and ……..

Answer 5

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

Question 6

Cause and effect =

Answer 6

Scientific method

Question 7

Scientific inquiry thus encourages reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions, which is called …….

Answer 7

Critical thinking

Question 8

Psychological science uses the ……… to evaluate competing ideas -

Answer 8

Scientific method

Question 9

Psychologists make careful observations and form theories, which are based on ……..

Answer 9

New observations

Question 10

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events is a -

Answer 10

Theory

Question 11

Testable predictions that allow a scientists to evaluate a theory are called -

Answer 11

Hypothesis

Question 12

Hypothesis predictions give direction to …..

Answer 12

Research

Question 13

To prevent theoretical bias from influencing scientific observations, research must be reported precisely - by using clear …….

Answer 13

Operational definitions

Question 14

The ….. is the extent to which it effectively organizes a reports and observations and implies clear predictions -

Answer 14

test of a useful theory

Question 15

Psychologists conduct research by using ……..

Answer 15

Descriptive, correlation, experimental methods

Question 16

The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth to reveal universal principles of behavior is the ……..

Answer 16

Case study

Question 17

An oral survey =

Answer 17

Interview

Question 18

Although case studies can suggest hypothesis for further study, a problem w/ this method is that any given individual may be ……. -

Answer 18

Atypical

Question 19

The method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior is the ……

Answer 19

Survey

Question 20

An important factor in the validity of surgery reassert is the order and …… of questions -

Answer 20

Wording

Question 21

We are more likely to overgeneralize and make other mistaken judgements from select samples that are especially ……

Answer 21

Vivid

Question 22

Surveys try to obtain a ……

Answer 22

Random sample

Question 23

In such a sample, every person has a chance of being …..

Answer 23

Included

Question 24

Large, representative samples are better than …… ones -

Answer 24

Small

Question 25

The research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environments is called ....

Answer 25

Naturalistic observation

Question 26

Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do NOT explain .......

Answer 26

Behavior

Question 27

Case studies, surveys, and obersvations simply describe ....

Answer 27

Behavior

Question 28

Most people are more likely to laugh in ....... situations than in ....... situations -

Answer 28

Social | Solitary

Question 29

The pace of life ....... from one culture to another -

Answer 29

Varies

Question 30

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another, the two factors are said to be ...., and one is thus able to predict -

Answer 30

Correlated

Question 31

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another, the two factors are said to be correlated, and one is thus able to predict - This is called .....

Answer 31

Correlation coefficient

Question 32

A graphical representation of a correlation coefficient relationship is called .....

Answer 32

A scatter plot

Question 33

If two factors increase or decrease together they are .....

Answer 33

Positively correlated

Question 34

In one decreases as the other one increases they are .....

Answer 34

Negatively correlated

Question 35

Another way to state the latter is that the two variables relate ......

Answer 35

Inversely

Question 36

A negative correlation between two variables does not indicate the ...... or weakness of the relationship. -

Answer 36

Strength

Question 37

Correlation does NOT prove .....

Answer 37

Causation

Question 38

Correlation merely indicates the possibility of a. ......... relationship -

Answer 38

Cause - effect

Question 39

A correlation between two events or behaviors means only that one event can be ...... from the other -

Answer 39

Predicted

Question 40

A correlation does not mean that one ...... the other -

Answer 40

Caused

Question 41

Correlation thus does not enable .....

Answer 41

Explanation

Question 42

A perceived correlation that does not really exist is an ......

Answer 42

Illusory correlation

Question 43

People are more likely to notice ad recall events that ..... their beliefs -

Answer 43

Confirm

Question 44

Another common tendency is to perceive oder in ......

Answer 44

Random events

Question 45

Patterns and streaks in random sequences occur more often than people expect, and they do not appear .....

Answer 45

Random

Question 46

To isolate cause and effect, researches ....... control for other factors -

Answer 46

Statistically

Question 47

Breast-fed infants ...... grow up with higher intelligence scores than those of infants who are bottle-fed -

Answer 47

Do

Question 48

By using this method and randomly assigning participants to groups, a researcher manipulates the factor of interest while holding ...... other factors -

Answer 48

Constant

Question 49

If a behavior changes when an experimental factor is varied, the researcher knows the factor is having an ....

Answer 49

Effect

Question 50

When neither the participants nor the person collecting the data knows which condition a particular participant is in, the researcher is making use of the ........... procedure -

Answer 50

Double-blind

Question 51

Researchers sometime give certain participants a pseudotreatment called a -

Answer 51

Placebo

Question 52

When merely thinking that one is receiving a treatment produces results, a ............. is said to occur -

Answer 52

Placebo effect

Question 53

An experiment must involve two groups -

Answer 53

Experimental | Control

Question 54

Group in which people receive the experimental treatment -

Answer 54

Experimental

Question 55

Group in which they do not receive the treatment -

Answer 55

Control

Question 56

To ensure the two groups are identical, experimenters rely on the ............ of individuals to the experimental conditions -

Answer 56

Random assignment

Question 57

The factor that is being manipulated in an experiment -

Answer 57

Independent variable

Question 58

Other factors that may influence the results are called -

Answer 58

Confounding variables

Question 59

The measurable factor that may change as a result of an experiments manipulations is called the ....

Answer 59

Dependent variable

Question 60

Aim of an experiment is to .......

Answer 60

Manipulate independent v Measure dependent v Control all other v

Question 61

Researchers use these to help them see and interpret their observations -

Answer 61

Statistics

Question 62

Once researchers organize data, they must ...

Answer 62

Organize them

Question 63

One simple way of visually representing data is to use a. ......

Answer 63

Bar graph

Question 64

It is import to read the scale labels and note the ...... to avoid being misled by misrepresented data -

Answer 64

Range

Question 65

3 measures of central tendency -

Answer 65

Mean Median Mode

Question 66

Most frequently occuring score in distribution is called the -

Answer 66

Mode

Question 67

The mean is computed as the .... of all the scores divided by the ..... of scores

Answer 67

Sum | Number

Question 68

The median is the score at the ...... percentile -

Answer 68

50th

Question 69

When a distribution is lopsided or skewed, the ..... can be biased by a few extreme scores

Answer 69

Mean

Question 70

Averages derived from scores w/ ..... variability are more reliable than those w/ ..... variability -

Answer 70

Low | High

Question 71

The measures of variation include the ..... and the ...........

Answer 71

Range | Standard deviation

Question 72

Range is computed as the difference between ........... scores -

Answer 72

Highest and lowest

Question 73

This provides a crude estimate of variation because it is influenced by extreme scores -

Answer 73

The range

Question 74

The ........ is a more acccurate measure of variation than range -

Answer 74

Standard deviation

Question 75

Unlike the range, the standard deviation does use info from .......

Answer 75

Each score in the distribution

Question 76

Symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution in which most scores fall near the mean w/ fewer and fewer near the extremes --

Answer 76

Normal curve

Question 77

It is safer to generalize from a ....... sample than from a biased sample-

Answer 77

Representative

Question 78

Average scores are more reliable when they are based on scores w/ ...........

Answer 78

Low variability

Question 79

Small samples provide a ....... reliable basis for generalizing than large samples -

Answer 79

Less

Question 80

The differences are probably real if the sample averages are ...... and the difference between them are relatively ......

Answer 80

Reliable | Large

Question 81

Psychologists concern is not w/ specific behaviors but w/ the underlying theoretical ......

Answer 81

Principles

Question 82

Psychologists conduct experiments to .........

Answer 82

Gain control over the variables in the "real world"

Question 83

It refers to the enduring ideas, behaviors, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and passed on from one generation to the next -

Answer 83

Culture

Question 84

Although specific attitudes and behaviors vary across cultures, the underlying processes are the .....

Answer 84

Same

Question 85

Similarities between the genders far outweigh ....

Answer 85

Differences

Question 86

Psychologists study animals because of the similarities between ....... and other animals-

Answer 86

Humans

Question 87

These studies of animals have led to treatments for ........... and to a better understanding of human functioning -

Answer 87

Human diseases

Question 88

Some people question whether experiments w/ animals are ....

Answer 88

Ethical

Question 89

Opposition to animal experimentation also raises the question of what ....... should protect the well-being of animals -

Answer 89

Safeguards

Question 90

The ethical principle that research participants should be told enough about the research to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate is........

Answer 90

Informed consent

Question 91

Another import principle is that participants should be fully ....... once the researched is finished -

Answer 91

Debriefed

Question 92

Psychologists ........ influence their theories, observations, and professional advice

Answer 92

Do

Question 93

....... can be used to manipulate people, its purpose is to enlighten -

Answer 93

Psychology