Chapter 2: Normal Adults

Question 1

The brainstem centers responsible for swallowing are the _________.

Answer 1

The Nucleus ambiguus and the tractus solitarius.

Question 2

Pharyngeal stripping is achieved through sequential constriction of the _________________muscles.

Answer 2

superior phayrngeal constrictor, middle pharyngeal constrictor and inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Question 3

The theory that neural control of swallowing takes place at the level of the brainstem where a program is developed and relayed to the swallowing structures is the_______________________.

Answer 3

Central pattern generator hypothesis.

Question 4

Cortical lesions leading to swallowing difficulty are most often posterior to the central sulcus.

Answer 4

False

*Anterior

Question 5

Basic functions of life such as respiration and swallowing are located in the brainstem.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Damage to the Trigeminal Nerve (CN V) would impact the _________phase of swallowing.

Answer 6

Oral

Question 7

The Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII) is important for the ______phase(s) of the swallow.

Answer 7

both the oral and pharyngeal phases

Question 8

The sensation of smell arises from cranial nerve______.

Answer 8

I. Olfactory Nerve

Question 9

Breathing and swallowing are distinctly separate and unrelated activities.

Answer 9

False

Question 10

In the article by McCullough regarding the swallowing ability of the normally aging individual, his overall conclusion is _____________________________.

Answer 10

There are changes in the oral stage of swallowing such as loss of dentition, loss of tongue muscle mass and reduced salivation.

There are changes in the pharyngeal stage such as reduced hyoid excursion, more frequent laryngeal penetration and airway protection problems.

Despite some changes, aging individuals are managing swallowing tasks adequately unless they become sick or frail.