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Abnormal Psychology > chapter 2 Nervous system > Flashcards

chapter 2 Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

Etiology

A

The factors that lead a person to develop a psychological disorder.

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2
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

Two parts of PNS

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4
Q

sensory-somatic nervous system

A

the system of sensory and motor nerves

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5
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands.

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6
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

revives you up so that you can respond to an emergency:

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7
Q

parasynmpathetic

A

settles you down after a crisis is over:

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8
Q

(hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis)

A

cortisol stress hormone released adrenal glands

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9
Q

what can arise if the parasympathetic nervous system fails to counter act the effects of sympathetic

A

psychopathology may arise if it fails to do so effectively.

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10
Q

Four brain lobes

A

frontal@ parietal@ occipital@ temporal

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11
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

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12
Q

two major pathways that lead forward from the occipital lobe

A

one to parietal lobe (top back of brain)

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13
Q

Parental lobe

A

his lobe processes spatial information@

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14
Q

temporal lobe

A

which stores visual memories@ processes

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15
Q

abnormal funchting in temporal lobe leads to

A

produce intense emotions@ such as elation when a person is manic

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16
Q

frontal lobe

A

located right behind the forehead.

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17
Q

abnormalities in frontal lobe associated with

A

schizophrenia@ a psychological disorder characterized by profoundly unusual and impaired behavior@ expression of emotion@ and mental processing

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18
Q

cerebral cortex

A

he outer layer of cells on the surface of the brain.

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19
Q

Neuron

A

brain cells that process information related to physical@ mental@ and emotional functioning.

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20
Q

limbic system three parts

A

plays a key role in emotions

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

governs bodily functions associated with eating@ drinking

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22
Q

Amygdala

A

Automatic response to stimulus - before cortex analyzes it’s validity

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23
Q

Hippocampus

A

works to store new information in memory of the sort that later can be voluntarily recalled

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24
Q

3 types of neurons

A

sensory@ motor@ interneurons

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25
Q

Interneurons vs. Projection neurons

A

have all the same cellular components but interneurons have short axons;

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26
Q

sensory neuron

A

receive input from the sense organs

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27
Q

Motor neurons

A

carry output that stimulates muscles and glands.

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28
Q

Interneurons

A

lie between other neurons—sensory neurons@ motor neurons@ and/or other interneurons—and not myelinated

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29
Q

brain circuits

A

Sets of connected neurons that work together to accomplish a basic process.

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30
Q

brain systems

A

sets of brain circuits that work together to accomplish a complex function.

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31
Q

when neurons fail to communicate appropriately@ leading brain systems to produce incorrect outputs. what happens

A

psychopathology

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32
Q

4 parts of individual neurons

A

cell body

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33
Q

cell body

A

Nucleus@ cytoplasm@ cell membrane

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34
Q

axon

A

sends signals to other neurons.

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35
Q

myelin sheath

A

covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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36
Q

Dendrites

A

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

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37
Q

Synapse

A

the place where the tip of the axon of one neuron sends signals to another neuron.

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38
Q

terminal boutons

A

Small knobs at the end of axons that secrete chemicals called neurotransmitters

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39
Q

action petentials

A

The wave of chemical activity that moves from the cell body down the axon when a neuron fires.

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40
Q

axon hillock

A

the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates

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41
Q

how are neurons stimulated two ways

A

stimulated at their dendrites@

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42
Q

glial cells

A

Glial cells are involved in the care and feeding of neurons@ and act as a kind of support system

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43
Q

one reason for deficient in number of neurons and glial cells

A

one possible reason for such deficits may be that stress early in childhood

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44
Q

synaptic cleft

A

The narrow gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic cell.

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45
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals that are released by the terminal buttons and cross the synaptic cleft.

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46
Q

Dopamine

A

Reward@ motivation@ executive function (in frontal lobes)@ control of movements

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47
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood@ sleep@ motivation

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48
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Storing new information in memory@ fight-or-flight response

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49
Q

Adrenaline

A

Attention@ fight-or-flight response

50
Q

Noradrenaline (also called norepinephrine)

A

Attention@ fight-or-flight response

51
Q

Glutamate

A

Registering pain@ storing new information in memory

52
Q

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

A

Inhibits brain activity in specific areas

53
Q

Endogenous cannabinoids

A

Emotion@ attention@ memory@ appetite@ control of movements

54
Q

how many can each NT have?

A

they can have more than one

55
Q

Receptors

A

Specialized sites on dendrites and cell bodies that respond only to specific molecules.

56
Q

Dale’s Law

A

The principle basically states that a neuron performs the same chemical action at all of its synaptic connections to other cells@ regardless of the identity of the target cell.

57
Q

three ways in which comm can be disrupted

A

neurons might have too many or too few dendrites or receptors@ making the neurons more or less sensitive@ r

58
Q

Reuptake

A

the process of moving leftover neurotransmitter molecules in the synapse back into the sending neuron.

59
Q

Nonspecific neuromodulators 4 types

A
  1. NOREPINEPHERINE (NE - Adrenergic); LOCUS COERULEUS
60
Q

Diffuse Modulatory Systems

A

These neurotransmitters are synthesized by a relatively small set of neurons@ which have diffuse projections from this central core to multiple regions of the brain

61
Q

where do diffuse modulatory neurons release their NT

A

released into the extracellular fluid (rather than synaptic cleft) and diffuse to many neurons

62
Q

Synaptopathy

A

error in the synapse

63
Q

where are they made

A

Chemicals that are released directly into the bloodstream that activate or alter the activity of neurons.

64
Q

endocrine system

A

the body’s slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream

65
Q

Cortisol produced where

A

Cortisol is a particularly important hormone@ which helps the body to cope with challenges by making more resources available; cortisol is produced by the adrenal glands

66
Q

Genes

A

Segments of DNA that control the production of particular proteins and other substances.

67
Q

Genotype

A

The sum of an organism’s genes.

68
Q

Stress-Diathesis Model

A

Says that while genetic inheritance provides biological predisposition for schizophrenia@ stressors elicit the onset of the disease

69
Q

Phenotype

A

the sum of an organism’s observable traits

70
Q

Complex inheritance

A

The transmission of traits that are expressed along a continuum by the interaction of sets of genes.

71
Q

behavioral geneticists

A

The field that investigates the degree to which the variability of characteristics in a population arises from genetic versus environmental factors.

72
Q

Heritability

A

n estimate of how much of the variation in a characteristic within a population (in a specific environment) can be attributed to genetics.

73
Q

monozygotic twins

A

Twins who have basically the same genetic makeup because they began life as a single fertilized egg (zygote)@ which then divided into two embryos; also referred to as identical twins.

74
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Twins who developed from two fertilized eggs and so have the same overlap in genes (50%) as do siblings not conceived at the same time; also referred to as fraternal twins.

75
Q

reciprocal gene-environment model

A

people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder.

76
Q

three ways in which genes affect the environment

A

Passive interaction.

77
Q

classical conditioning

A

A type of learning that occurs when two stimuli are paired so that a neutral stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus that elicits a reflexive behavior; also referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.

78
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

A

A stimulus that reflexively elicits a behavior.

79
Q

unconditioned response (UCR)

A

A behavior that is reflexively elicited by a stimulus.

80
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS

A

A neutral stimulus that@ when paired with an unconditioned stimulus@ comes to elicit the reflexive behavior.

81
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

A response that comes to be elicited by the previously neutral stimulus that has become a conditioned stimulus.

82
Q

Conditioned emotional responses

A

Emotions and emotion-related behaviors that are classically conditioned.

83
Q

stimulus generalization

A

The process whereby responses come to be elicited by stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

84
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A type of learning in which the likelihood that a behavior will be repeated depends on the consequences associated with the behavior.

85
Q

Reinforcement

A

The process by which the consequence of a behavior increases the likelihood of the behavior’s recurrence.

86
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

desired reinforcer is received after a behavior@

87
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

uncomfortable stimulus is removed after a behavior@

88
Q

Punishment

A

The process by which an event or object that is the consequence of a behavior decreases the likelihood that the behavior will occur again.

89
Q

positive punishment

A

the type of punishment that takes place when a behavior is followed by an undesirable consequence@

90
Q

Negative punishment

A

The type of punishment that takes place when a behavior is followed by the r

91
Q

Observational learning

A

he process of learning through watching what happens to others; also referred to as modeling.

92
Q

learned helplessness

A

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

93
Q

Three Mental Processes

A

Attention results in selecting certain stimuli@ including those that may be related to a disorder (van den Heuvel et al.@ 2005). W

94
Q

cognitive distortions

A

Dysfunctional@ maladaptive thoughts that are not accurate reflections of reality and contribute to psychological disorders.

95
Q

Cognitive Distortions: all or nothing thinking

A

Seeing things in black and white

96
Q

Cognitive Distortions: Overgeneralization

A

drawing sweeping conclusions based on only one incident or event and applying those conclusions to events that are unrelated to the original

97
Q

cognitive distortions mental filter

A

Focusing too strongly on negative qualities or events@ to the exclusion of the other qualities or events

98
Q

cognitive distortions: disqualifying the positive

A

Not recognizing or accepting positive experiences or events@ thus emphasizing the negative

99
Q

cognitive distortions jumping to conclusions

A

Making an unsubstantiated negative interpretation of events

100
Q

Cognitive Distortions: Personalization

A

Seeing yourself as the cause of a negative event when in fact you were not actually responsible

101
Q

emotion

A

A short-lived experience evoked by a stimulus that produces a mental response@ a typical behavior@ and a positive or negative subjective feeling.

102
Q

affect

A

An emotion that is associated with a particular idea or behavior@ similar to an attitude.

103
Q

Inappropriate affect

A

An expression of emotion that is not appropriate to what a person is saying or to the situation.

104
Q

flat affect

A

is a lack of@ or considerably diminished@ emotional expression

105
Q

labile affect

A

a pattern in which affect changes very rapidly—too rapidly.

106
Q

Mood

A

A persistent emotion that is not attached to a stimulus; it exists in the background and influences mental processes@ mental contents@ and behavior.

107
Q

Difficulty in regulating emotions three types of problems

A

Externalizing problems

108
Q

two types of human emotions

A

approach emotions

109
Q

4 parts of the brain that are involved in emotions

A

left frontal lobe

110
Q

optimistic people have more activation in what lobe

A

more activation in the left frontal lobe tend to be more optimistic than people who generally have more activation in the right.

111
Q

temperament

A

the aspects of personality that reflect a person’s typical emotional state and emotional reactivity (including the speed and strength of reactions to stimuli).

112
Q

four types of temperament

A

novelty seeking

113
Q

novelty seeking temperament

A

Searching out novel stimuli and reacting positively to them; high levels can lead to being impulsive@ avoiding frustration@ and easily getting angry

114
Q

harm avoidance temperment

A

Reacting very negatively to harm and avoiding it whenever possible

115
Q

reward dependence temperament

A

Degree to which past behaviors that have led to desired outcomes in the past are repeated

116
Q

persistence temperament

A

Making continued efforts in the face of frustration when attempting to accomplish something.

117
Q

high expressed emotion

A

A family interaction style characterized by hostility@ unnecessary criticism@ or emotional overinvolvement.

118
Q

5 types of child maltreatment influences on the individual

A

An altered bodily and neurological response to stress.

119
Q

social support

A

The comfort and assistance that an individual receives through interactions with others.

120
Q

social causation hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that the daily stressors of urban life@ especially as experienced by people in a lower socioeconomic class@ trigger mental illness in those who are vulnerable.

121
Q

social selection hypothesis

A

The hypothesis that people who are mentally ill drift to a lower socioeconomic level because of their impairments; also referred to as social drift.

122
Q

Acculturation

A

The adoption of cultural traits@ such as language@ by one group under the influence of another.

Abnormal Psychology (4 decks)

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