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PSYC255 > Chapter 2 (MT1) > Flashcards

Chapter 2 (MT1) Flashcards

Nervous System Anatomy

1
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s fundamental potential to physically or chemically modify itself in response to a changing environment and to compensate for age-related changes and injury

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2
Q

Anatomical organization of nervous system

A

Nervous system
- CNS (Brain and spinal cord)
- PNS (Somatic, Autonomic, and Enteric nervous system)

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3
Q

Functional organization of CNS

A

Mediates behaviour
Recieving, processing, and responding to stimuli
(brain and spinal cord)

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4
Q

Functional organization of somatic nervous system

A

Transmits sensation and produces movement
(cranial and spinal nerves)

Carrying sensory info to CNS and transmits motor instructions that produce movement

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5
Q

Functional organization of autonomic nervous system

A

Balances internal functions
Sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming)

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6
Q

Functional organization of enteric nervous system

A

Controls the gut
Mesh of neurons embedded in the gut
Mostly operates autonomously

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7
Q

Describe flow of neural information

A

Afferent (sensory, towards the CNS)
Efferent (motor, exits the CNS)

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8
Q

Anterior (frontal/rostral)

A

Towards the front of animal/head

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9
Q

Caudal (posterior)

A

Towards the tail

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10
Q

Coronal (section)

A

Cut on vertical plane (ear to ear)
Reveals a frontal view

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11
Q

Dorsal

A

Towards the back of a four legged animal

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12
Q

Horizontal (section)

A

Along the horizon
Reveals a dorsal (over top) view

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13
Q

Inferior

A

Below

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14
Q

Lateral

A

Towards the side of the body or brain

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15
Q

Medial

A

Towards the midline

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16
Q

Posterior

A

Towards the back

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17
Q

Sagittal (section)

A

Lengthwise from front to back of the skull
Reveals medial (from side) view

Midsagittal - right down the middle

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18
Q

Superior

A

Above

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19
Q

Ventral

A

Towards the belly of four legged animal
Human brain nuclei - below

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20
Q

Surface features of the brain

A

Longitudinal fissure
Precentral gyrus
Central fissure
Postcentral gyrus
Superior temporal gyrus

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21
Q

Layers protecting the brain

A

(Brain)
Pia mater
Subarachnoid space (filled with CSF)
Arachnoid membrane
Dura mater
(Skull)

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22
Q

What does the meninges contain

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane
Dura mater

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23
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive functions like decision making and voluntary movement

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24
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Directing movements towards a goal
Sensory perception and integration

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25
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, language, and musical abilities
Facial recognition, emotional processing

26
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Visual scene processing

27
Q

Gyrus and sulcus (brain)

A

Gyrus = bump
Sulcus = crack

Really deep sulcus = fissure

28
Q

Three major arteries in the brain

A

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

29
Q

Stroke

A

Artery blockage/break likely leads to death of the affected region
The sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severely reduced blood flow

30
Q

Gray matter vs White matter

A

Grey matter - predominantly cell bodies and blood vessels, within grey matter neurons collect and modify info before sending it along

White matter - predominantly axons (fat-sheathed (myelinated) nerve fibers), form longer distance connections between/among neurons

31
Q

Ventricles in brain

A

(Lateral) ventricles, wing-shaped cavities filled with CSF

32
Q

Roles of the CSF

A

Suspends brain (makes it lighter)
Shock absorption
Provides stable environment for brain function (chemical content of CSF is regulated)

33
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Contains 200 million nerve fibers that join the two hemispheres and allow them to communicate

34
Q

How are neurons connected to eachother?

A

By fibers known as axons

35
Q

Tract and nerve

A

Tract - collection of nerve fibers in brain and spinal cord that run along each other (within CNS)

Nerve - collection of nerve fibers that run along each other (outside CNS)

36
Q

What does the brainstem contain

A

Hindbrain
Midbrain
Diencephalon

37
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

Receives afferent signals coming in from senses, and sends efferent signals to the spinal cord to control (virtually) all movements

38
Q

Parts of the hindbrain
What does the hindbrain do?

A

Cerebellum, pons, medulla, reticular formation

Controls motor functions ranging from breathing to balance to fine movements

39
Q

What does relative size of cerebellum increase with?

A

Physical speed and dexterity of species

40
Q

Reticular formation

A

Netlike mixture of neurons and nerve fibers

41
Q

What do the pons and medulla do?

A

Contain substructures that control many vital body movements
Nuclei in pons receive inputs from cerebellum and form a bridge to the rest of the brain
At rostral tip of spinal cord, medulla’s nuclei regulate vital functions (breathing, cardiovascular)

42
Q

Parts of the midbrain
What does the midbrain do?

A

Sensory component (tectum) is dorsal, and motor structure (tegmentum) is anterior

Tectum receives sensory information from eyes and ears, tegmentum composed of nuclei with movement related functions

43
Q

Superior and inferior colliculus (midbrain)

A

Process sensory info and produce orienting movements (related to sensory info)

44
Q

Red nucleus (midbrain)

A

Controls limb movements

45
Q

Substatia nigra

A

Connects to forebrain, important in initiating movements

46
Q

Periaqueductal gray matter (midbrain)

A

Contains circuits that control species-typical behaviour

47
Q

Parts of the diencephalon
What does the diencephalon do?

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus
Integrates sensory and motor info on its way to the cerebral cortex
The “between brain”

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls the bodies production of hormones (interacts with pituitary gland)

49
Q

Thalamus

A

“Relay station”
Organizer/integrator of sensory information travelling to cerebral cortex from sensory systems

50
Q

Largest and most recently evolved region of the mammalian brain?

A

Forebrain

51
Q

Parts of the forebrain
What does the forebrain do?

A

Cerebral cortex (neocortex and allocortex)
Allocortex - hippocampus and amygdala
Basal ganglia
(Limbic system = allocortex/subcortical structures)

Cerebral cortex regulates a host of mental activities
Basal ganglia controls voluntary movement and has a role in cognitive functioning

52
Q

Neocortical layers

A

6 layers of gray matter
- different levels have different cell types, density of cells, and difference of appearance

53
Q

Cytoarchitectonic map

A

Map of neocortex based on organization, structure, and distribution of cells

54
Q

Neocortical layer IV

A

Thick in sensory cortex
Thin in motor cortex

55
Q

Neocortical layers V and VI

A

Thick in motor cortex
Thin in sensory cortex

56
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Collection of nuclei that lie in the forebrain below white matter of cortex
Controls voluntary and involuntary movement

57
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

58
Q

Spinal nerves

A

8 cervical nerves
12 thoracic nerves
4 lumbar nerves
5 sacral nerves

59
Q

Law of Bell and Magendie

A

Observation that posterior/dorsal spinal cord is sensory and anterior/ventral is motor in vertebrates

Posterior = afferent
Anterior = efferent

60
Q

Sympathetic system (ANS)

A

Arouses body for action
‘Fight or flight’

61
Q

Parasympathetic system

A

Relaxes the body
‘Rest and digest’

62
Q

The brain and ENS connect extensively through the ANS, especially via what nerve?

A

Vagus nerve

PSYC255 (10 decks)

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