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GENE 3200 Test 2 > Chapter 2 Mitosis Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Mitosis Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

How prokaryotes reproduce, simple division, the separation of replicated circular chromosomes

A

Binary Fission

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2
Q

DNA and associated proteins of a chromosome

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

The number of chromosome sets

A

Ploidy

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4
Q

A cell having one set of chromosomes, one of each chromosome

A

Haploid (1n)

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5
Q

A cell having two sets of chromosomes, normally one from each parent

A

Diploid (2n)

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6
Q

A cell having more than two sets of chromosomes

A

Polyploid (3x, 4x, 5x, etc.)

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7
Q

Ploidy of humans

A

2n=46 (23 from mother, 23 from father)

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8
Q

A pair of chromosomes with the same genes on them (possibly not the same alleles), in 2n organisms usually one from the male parent and one from the female parent

A

Homologous Pairs

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9
Q

Chromosomes that carry different genes

A

Nonhomologous Chromosomes

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10
Q

The unpaired X and Y chromosomes

A

Sex Chromosomes

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11
Q

All the chromosomes except X and Y

A

Autosomes

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12
Q

A metaphase chromosome with centromere positioned so that there is a slightly shorter p arm and a longer q arm

A

Submetacentric

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13
Q

A metaphase chromosome with the centromere positioned right in the middle so that the two arms are the same length

A

Metacentric

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14
Q

A metaphase chromosome with the centrosome positioned basically at the end of the chromosome so that one arm is basically the whole length and the other is basically nonexistent

A

Telocentric

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15
Q

A metaphase chromosome with the centromere positioned so that there is one super long arm and one super tiny arm

A

Acrocentric

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16
Q

A complex of proteins that attaches to the centromere during cell division so that the spindle fibers can attach to them

A

Kinetochore

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17
Q

The protein that attach to the kinetochore and facilitate the movement of the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell in mitosis and meiosis

A

Spindle Fibers

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18
Q

The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell grows and carries on normal function, ~23 hours in a human cell in culture

A

Interphase

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19
Q

The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell divides ~1 hour in a human cell in culture

A

M phase

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20
Q

The part of interphase in which the cell has active gene expression and cell activity, and prepares for DNA synthesis, around 10 hours in a typical cell in culture

A

G1 phase

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21
Q

The part of interphase in which the cell replicates its DNA, about 9 hours in a typical cell in culture

A

S phase

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22
Q

The part of interphase in which the cell prepares everything it needs for cell division, around 4 hours in a typical cell in culture

A

G2 Phase

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23
Q

A kind of perpetual G1 phase in which a cell exits the cell cycle and does not divide, instead eventually dying (apoptosis)

A

G0 Phase

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24
Q

Identical copies of each chromosome present after each S-phase and held together at their centromeres

A

Sister Chromatids

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25
Q

The centromeres of sister chromatids

A

Sister Centromeres

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26
Q

Genes found on different chromosomes, that are independently assorting

A

Unlinked

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27
Q

The phase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle forms

A

Prophase

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28
Q

The phase of mitosis in which that nuclear envelope disintegrates and the spindle fibers anchor to the kinetochores

A

Prometaphase

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29
Q

The part of mitosis in which the chromosomes align in the center, contains the spindle assembly checkpoint

A

Metaphase

30
Q

The checkpoint in metaphase in which the cell checks to make sure that the chromosomes are lined up properly and the spindle fibers are attached correctly

A

Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint

31
Q

The part of the cell where the chromosomes line up in metaphase

A

Metaphase Plate

32
Q

The part of mitosis in which the sister chromatids separate and migrate toward the spindle points

A

Anaphase

33
Q

The part of mitosis in which the chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear envelope reforms around them, and the chromosomes start to relax

A

Telophase

34
Q

The part of the cell cycle in which the cytoplasm divides and the cell wall forms in plant cells

A

Cytokinesis

35
Q

A microtubule based structure that is responsible for chromosome movement and separation

A

Spindle Apparatus (Mitotic Spindle)

36
Q

One of the components of the cytoskeleton comprised of polymerized tubulin, a major component of the mitotic spindle that is also involved in cytokinesis and vesicle transport

A

Microtubules

37
Q

The microtubule organizing center which localizes to the poles of the mitotic spindle and associates with the nuclear envelope during interphase

A

Centrosome

38
Q

Part of the centrosomes, a pair of small bodies that is found only in animals and helps organize microtubules

A

Centrioles

39
Q

The checkpoint in the cell cycle that confirms whether the cell has all the enzymes it needs to replicate it’s DNA

A

G1/S Checkpoint

40
Q

The checkpoint in the cell cycle in which the cell makes sure all the DNA is replicated and undamaged

A

G2/M Checkpoint

41
Q

The half of meiosis that is reduction division and contains the synapsis of homologous chromosomes, recombination, and the separation of homologous chromosomes

A

Meiosis I

42
Q

The half of meiosis that is the equational division, and has the separation of sister chromatids

A

Meiosis II

43
Q

The point at which homologous chromosomes remain in contact during late prophase I/metaphase I and where crossing over occurs

A

Chiasmata

44
Q

The fusion of chromosome pairs at the start of meiosis I

A

Synapsis

45
Q

The complex during meiosis that forms between non-sister chromatids during meiosis that contains multiple proteins that bind together homologous chromosomes to align them and facilitate crossing-over

A

Synaptonemal Complex

46
Q

The formation of new combinations of alleles during crossing over

A

Recombination

47
Q

The four synapsed chromatids for each homologous pair of chromosomes

A

Tetrads (Bivalents)

48
Q

Aggregates of proteins that form in the Synaptonemal Complex and mediate crossing over

A

Recombination Nodules

49
Q

A protein complex responsible for the condensation of chromosomes at mitosis

A

Condensins

50
Q

A protein complex that holds the two sister chromatids together

A

Cohesin

51
Q

An enzyme that cleaves one of the cohesion subunits, resulting in the release of sister chromatids that occurs in anaphase of mitosis and anaphase II of meiosis. It’s activity is controlled by the spindle assembly checkpoint

A

Separase

52
Q

A protein that associates with cohesin during meiosis I to protect it from being cleaved by separase too early. It is degraded after anaphase I to allow separase to cleave cohesin in anaphase II

A

Shugoshin

53
Q

All the cells other than germ cells, never go through meiosis, but can undergo mutations; however, these mutations are not passed on tho offspring because they are not in germ cells

A
54
Q

The precursor cells to gametes located in the gonads (testis and ovary), go through mitosis and meiosis only at specific stages of development

A

Germ Cells

55
Q

The process of gamete formation

A

Gametogenesis

56
Q

The male sex cells that go through mitosis and cell division

A

Spermatogonia

57
Q

The female sex cells that go through mitosis and cell division

A

Oogonia

58
Q

The male sex cells that are in meiosis I

A

Primary spermatocytes

59
Q

The female sex cells that are in meiosis I

A

Primary oocyte

60
Q

The male sex cells that are the products of meiosis I and are in the process of meiosis II

A

Secondary Spermatocytes

61
Q

The female sex cells that are the products of meiosis I and are in the process of meiosis II

A

Secondary oocyte and first polar body

62
Q

The male sex cells that have completes meiosis II

A

Spermatids

63
Q

The female sex cells that have completes meiosis II

A

Ovum and second polar body

64
Q

The four female 1n cells that plants produce , three of them degenerate

A

Megaspores

65
Q

The female cell that plants produce by having the surviving megaspore undergo 3 rounds of mitosis without actually dividing that has 8 genetically identical nuclei

A

Female Gametophyte

66
Q

The four male 1n cells that plants produce

A

Microspores

67
Q

The nucleus in a pollen grain that creates the pollen tube

A

Tube Nucleus

68
Q

The nucleus in a pollen grain that produces two genetically identical sperm cells when it goes through mitosis

A

Generative Nucleus

69
Q

The cell that forms form the cytoplasm of the female gametophyte dividing that has one nucleus and is eventually fertilized by one of the sperm

A

Egg

70
Q

The cell after the division of the female gametophyte that ends up with two nuclei

A

Binucleate cell with polar nuclei

71
Q

The cell that forms form the cell that has two nuclei after the division of the female gametophyte when it is fertilized by one of the sperm

A

Endosperm

GENE 3200 Test 2 (4 decks)

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