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HLT116 > Chapter 2: Mental Health and Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Mental Health and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Mental Health

A

not just the absence of illness; it is also the presence of positive characteristics

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2
Q

Positive Psychology

A

focuses on positive emotions, character strengths, and conditions that create happiness

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3
Q

Six Virtues

A

Wisdom
Courage
Humanity
Justice
Temperance
Transcendence

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4
Q

Character

A

combination of thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and increased self-awareness that are the basis for self-confidence

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5
Q

Characteristics of Mentally Healthy People

A

Possess high self-esteem
Accept imperfections
Altruistic
Sense of control over their lives
Demonstrate social competence and can rely on others
Not overwhelmed by fear, love, or anger
Optimistic
Capacity for intimacy/Unafraid of commitment
Appreciate Creativity
Perseverance
Take reasonable risks for growth
Resilience after adversity

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6
Q

Self-Actualization

A

the state attained when a person reaches their full potential

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7
Q

Hierarchy of Needs

A

Physiological Needs: food water, shelter, sleep, exercise, sex
Safety/Security: safe surroundings, protection by others, knows to avoid risks
Love/Belongingness
Self-Esteem
Self-Actualization: realism, acceptance, autonomy, authenticity

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8
Q

Optimistic Explanatory Style

A

the tendency to see problems as temporary and specific rather than permanent and general

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9
Q

Optimism

A

the general expectation that things will turn out well.
A key characteristic of mentally healthy people

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10
Q

Self-Efficacy

A

a general sense that we have some control over our lives

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11
Q

Resilience

A

ability to bounce back from adverse events

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12
Q

3 Components of Happiness

A

positive emotion/ pleasure, engagement (with family, friends, hobbies) and meaning

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13
Q

Engagement and Meaning

A

most important for providing satisfaction and happiness

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14
Q

Emotional Intelligence

A

an understanding of emotional experience, self-awareness, and sensitivity to others

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15
Q

Emotionally intelligent people

A

recognize/understand their emotions
manage emotions/ control moods
motivate themselves
recognize/respond to other’s emotions
be socially competent

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16
Q

Grieving

A

natural response to loss, often expressed by sadness, loneliness, anger, and guilt

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17
Q

Bereavement Phases

A

Numbness/Shock
Separation
Disorganization
Reorganization

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18
Q

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Stages of Dying

A

Denial/Isolation
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance

stages are not linear. can be experienced in any order. some people may revisit stages.

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19
Q

The Brain

A

Central control station for intelligence, feeling, and creativity.
All behavior is mediated by the brain and nervous system

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20
Q

Developing Brain

A

95% of brain is developed by age 6
The brain changes and grows through childhood into early 20s

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21
Q

Complex interactions of mental disorders

A

Biological factors, psychological processes, social influences, and cultural factors – especially during childhood

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22
Q

Cognitive Mental Disorders

A

Alzheimer’s, dementia, amnesia
Can be caused by tumors, brain trauma, or stroke

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that conduct signals from one brain cell to the next

imbalances appear important in a variety of of mental disorders

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24
Q

Dopamine

A

provides positive feelings during activities such as eating, sex, drugs, etc.

high levels cause erratic behavior, sexual desire, aggression, risk-taking

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25
Q

Serotonin

A

Associated with emotion and mood

Low levels related to depression

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26
Q

GABA

A

Chemical messenger promotes relaxation. Found in the hypothalamus and hippocampus.

Low levels cause restlessness, short temper, night sweats, acid reflux, and poor verbal memory.

Associated with anxiety

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27
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Handles stress response

Imbalance causes severe stress and weakens nearly all body systems
Associated with chronic stress disorder

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28
Q

Mental Disorder

A

is a pattern of behavior associated with distress, disability, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or loss of freedom

can be diagnosed based on a set of symptoms

Qualitatively different from a psychological problem that can be considered normal

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29
Q

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A

groups of conditions that often begin in early childhood (often before a child enters school).

Includes limitations of learning and difficulty with behavior control and social skills

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30
Q

ADHD

A

One of the most common childhood disorders. Symptoms often continue into adulthood.

Genetics and environmental factors play a role.

ADHD affects 9% of children. Boys are 3x more likely to be diagnosed than girls.

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31
Q

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A

is a group of developmental brain disorders causing social , communication, and behavioral difficulties

1 in 68 kids diagnosed with ASD
5x more common in boys

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32
Q

Mood Disorders (AKA depressive or affective disorders)

A

Major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder
Among the most common mental disorders worldwide
Average age at onset is mid-20s (although it can happen in all ages)

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33
Q

Mood Disorder statistics

A

Aprox. 17.3 million adults in U.S. (7.1%) had at least 1 major depressive episode in 2017

Women experience episodes twice as frequently as men
Social media is related to increases in depression
2/3 of depressed people seek help

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34
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Symptoms include depressed mood. Feelings of sadness/emptiness. Behaviors such as crying, and loss of interest in favorite activities. Fatigue, trouble concentrating, feelings of worthlessness.

Experiencing one of more episodes lasting longer than 2 weeks can lead to diagnosis

35
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Characterized by 1 or more manic episodes that may alternate with depressive episodes

36
Q

Manic episode

A

an abnormally elevated or irritable mood during a specific period of time. Manic individuals may have an inflated sense of their own importance, have racing thoughts and accelerated speech patterns. May stay awake for days without feeling tired. Often can’t see that they are ill.

37
Q

Anxiety Disorder

A

Among the most common mental disorders in the U.S. affecting 12.9 million adults

38
Q

Panic Attack

A

Apprehension/ intense fear without being in real danger

39
Q

Panic Disorder

A

Recurrent unexpected pain attacks

40
Q

Specific Phobia

A

intense fear of situation or object

41
Q

Social phobia

A

intense fear of social/ performance situations

42
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

worry about routine matters

43
Q

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

A

persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause anxiety. Individual develops compulsions- repetitive behaviors to reduce anxiety.

44
Q

Addiction

A

continued, compulsive substance use or behavior despite negative consequences.

Concept of addiction extends to other behaviors such as sex, gambling, and video games.

45
Q

Physiological dependence

A

consequence of substance use characterized by tolerance and withdrawal

46
Q

Psychotic Disorders

A

characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech/behavior, and other signs the individual has lost touch with reality

47
Q

Schizophrenia

A

the most common psychotic disroder

characterized by disordered thinking and perceptions, bizarre ideas, hallucinations and impaired functioning

48
Q

Suicide

A

second leading cause of death in college students

women are more likely to attempt suicide
men 4x more likely to succees

49
Q

Traits Leading to Suicide

A

Hopelessness (links depression and suicide)
Depression and Alcoholism involved in 2/3s of suicide
Substance abuse and depression can be lethal
Psychosis
A previous suicide attempt is the most significant risk factor

50
Q

Behavioral signs indicating suicide

A

-Comments about death and suicide threats
-Social withdrawal, isolation
-Intensified moodiness
-Risk-taking behaviors
-Sudden improvement in mood accompanies by certain behaviors such as giving away possessions

51
Q

How to help a person considering suicide

A

-The danger of asking if someone is thinking of suicide (“planting the seed”) is a myth
-Ask direct questions; encourage them to talk
-Encourage suicide hotline or counseling
-Do not agree to keep it a secret
-Do not leave them alone

52
Q

Self-Injury

A

any intentional injury to one’s own body

53
Q

Self-Injury Behaviors

A

cutting, burning, scratching, branding, head-banging

54
Q

Psychotherapy (counseling)

A

treatment for mental disorders based on the development of a positive interpersonal relationship between a client and therapist

55
Q

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

A

the most researched behavioral intervention

56
Q

Antipsychotics

A

used to treat psychotic disorder (schizophrenia)

57
Q

Antidepressants

A

Used to treat mood disorders (depression, bipolar)
Act on neurotransmitters serotonin/norepinephrine

Use has increased by 65% from 1999 to 2014

58
Q

Anxiolytics

A

Used to treat anxiety disorders

Act on neurotransmitter GABA

59
Q

Stress

A

is an individual’s perception and subsequent reaction to a challenging event that test’s one’s ability to cope

60
Q

Stress Symptoms

A

headaches, overwhelm, depression, etc..

61
Q

Stressors

A

events/agents in environment that cause stress

62
Q

Eustress

A

“good stress”
A positive form of stress

63
Q

The Stress Response

A

Fight or flight response

A series of physiological changes that occur in a person’s body in the face of a threat

Is carried out by autonomic nervous system

64
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

controls involuntary functions like breathing, heart rate, digestion

65
Q

Sympathetic Branch

A

of the autonomic nervous system

initiates stress response

66
Q

Parasympathetic Branch

A

of the autonomic nervous system

turns off stress response; return to homeostasis

67
Q

Homeostasis

A

a state of stability/balance in which functions are maintained within a normal range

68
Q

The Relaxation Response

A

The parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system takes over and turns off the stress response. The body returns to homeostasis.

69
Q

The General Adaptation Syndrome

A

explains physiological changes and responses to stressors

70
Q

The General Adaptation Syndrome stages

A
  1. Alarm- fight or flight response is activated
  2. Resistance- energy is used to cope with continuous stress at peak level
  3. Exhaustion - Body becomes exhausted and leads to illness if not allowed to recover from stress
71
Q

Acute Stress

A

occurs quickly in response to an immediate threat

72
Q

Chronic Stress

A

continues for a long period in response to ongoing situations.

increases risk for illness

prolonged chronic stress weakens nearly every body system

73
Q

Physical Effects of Chronic Stress

A

-decreases immune function
-acute and chronic stress impact the immune system
-stress response increases heart rate and blood pressure
-chronic stress can lead to cardiovascular illness
-gastrointestinal problems may be stress related
-acute and chronic stress contribute to mental illness including anxiety and PTSD

74
Q

Mediators of Stress Response

A

Past experiences, personality traits, habitual thinking patterns, and acquired attitudes affect how people can respond to stress

75
Q

Type A Personality

A

impulsive, achievement-oriented, highly competitive

increased risk for stress-related illness

76
Q

Type B personality

A

less driven, more relaxed

less susceptible to coronary heart disease

77
Q

Type C Personality

A

introverted, detail-oriented, people pleasing

greater risk for autoimmune disorder

78
Q

Type D Personality

A

hold in negative emotions, not expressive, fear judgement

at risk for arterial disease, heart failure

79
Q

Hostility

A

ongoing accumulation of irritation and anger

is key culprit for negative health effects between personality types

80
Q

Cognitive Factors

A

Your outlook and beliefs about life affect how you deal with stressors

A realistic attitude can reduce the frequency and intensity of the stress response

81
Q

Resilience from stress

A

improves ability to handle stress

-focuses on immediate issues
-explain struggles in positive/helpful ways

82
Q

Hardiness

A

an affective style of coping with stress

characterized by a tendency o view events as challenges rather than threats

83
Q

Sources of Stress

A

Major life events that require adjustment
Daily Hassles that continue without periods of recovery
college stress
job pressures
burnout
financial worries
family/interpersonal stress
time pressure/overload
technology
anger
trauma
societal pressures

84
Q

Relaxation Techniques

A

-deep breathing
-visualization/guided imagery
-mindfulness meditation
-yoga
-t’ai chi
-biofeedback
-affirmations

HLT116 (3 decks)

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