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CCJS105 > Chapter 2 - Measuring Crime and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Measuring Crime and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

Questions to consider when picking a research method?

A

-What do I want to study?
-Are there ethical considerations?

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2
Q

What are cleared offenses/clearance rate?

A

Crimes cleared by the arrest of a suspect or by exceptional means (Cases in which a suspect has been identified but he/she is not immediately available for arrest)

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3
Q

What are the problems comparing international crime rates?

A

difficult to compare crimes in different countries because every country records their crime rates differently

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4
Q

What are the gender and racial differences in reporting on self-report surveys?

A

males tend to report their antisocial activities less honestly than females and African Americans less honestly than other racial groups

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5
Q

What is crime mapping?

A

the use of modern tech such as Geographic Information Systems by police to map and analyze patterns of crime

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6
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

Research that involves more quality or number of research (interviews, case studies, record keeping)

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7
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

Research designed to get as many responses as possible
(survey and questionnaries)

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8
Q

What is cross-sectional research?

A

Research that involves studying your subject at one point in time

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9
Q

What is longitudinal research?

A

Research that involves studying your subject multiple times

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10
Q

What is correlation?

A

The relationship between two variables

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11
Q

What is positive and negative correlation?

A

-Positive - variables moving in same direction
-Negative - variables moving in opposite directions

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12
Q

What does causality require?

A
  1. Correlation (strain)
  2. Proper temporal ordering (labelling theory)
  3. Ruling out all other possible explanations (spuriousness)
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13
Q

What the 4 are common research methods?

A

Experiments, surveys, interviews, and observation

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of experiments?

A

-Independent variables - treatment
-Dependent variables - outcome
-Compares to control group (group that experiences change)

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15
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of experiments?

A

-Strength - if there’s a random assignment to treatment vs. control group
-Weakness - Finding people to participate

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16
Q

What is recidivism?

A

Likeliness to commit a crime again

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17
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of surveys?

A

-Strength- lower cost and an be distributed to large sample
-Weakness- Response rates aren’t always high/can’t tell who filled out the survey

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18
Q

What are the strength and weaknesses of interviews?

A

-Strength - interviewer can ask more questions
-Weakness - time consuming

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19
Q

What are the different types of interviews?

A

-Unstructured - No interviews questions, interviewee driven
-Semi-structured - Interview questions with follow up questions
-Structured - Set of questions; follows a set structure

20
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of observation?

A

-Strength - Researcher may be able to understand facets of their subjects
-Weakness - May not behave naturally

21
Q

What are the different types of observation?

A

-Participation
-Non-participant (sitting in a court trial)

22
Q

What are ethical principles?

A

Generally accepted standards of conflict for researchers

23
Q

What is the history of codes of ethics?

A

-After WW11, Nuremburg Trials
-Tuskgee scandal
-National research act of 1974
-Formed IRS
-Created National Commission for Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research

24
Q

What are the 3 core ethical principles according to Belmont Report

A

-Respect for persons (Don’t deceive)
-Beneficence (Do no harm)
-Justice (Fair selection of research participants; no bias)

25
Q

What are the ethics of conducting surveys (5)?

A

-Avoiding harm (can be physical, emotional, social, financial, legal)
-Informed consent (voluntary participation is important but is in ethical grey area)
-Avoid deception
-Protect subject’s identities
-Maintain objectivity and present findings truthfully

26
Q

Why do we measure crime?

A

-To test theories about why people commit crime
-To see if policies or historical events are associated with changing crime rates
-To inform the public about the appropriate level of concern for public safety
-To provide criminal justice agencies and practitioners with info to help them anticipate their future needs
-To provide an understanding of different types of offenses

27
Q

What are the 3 common sources of crime data?

A

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS), National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

28
Q

What is the UCR?

A

Data compiled annually by the FBI based on data they receive from law enforcement agencies across the US (divided into part 1 (index) and part 2 offenses)

29
Q

What is the equation for crime rate?

A

reported offense/population x 100,000

30
Q

What percent of the population is covered by agencies who submit data to the UCR?

A

98%

31
Q

What are the Part 1 offenses (reported) of the UCR in order?

A

Homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

32
Q

What crimes are in Part 2 of the UCR?

A

(these offenses have to be reported and an arrest has to be made)
Forgery
Fraud
Embezzlement
Vandalism
Prostitution
DUI
Drug offenses
Weapons offenses
Simple assault
Gambling

33
Q

What are the limitations of the UCR?

A

-Hierarchy rule: when more than one offense has been committed in a single crime event, only the most serious offense is reported to the UCR (Arson would be reported no matter what)
-Only counts crime that are reported to law enforcement
-Sexual assault usually not reported to police
-Some crimes such as corporate crime or terrorism not counted by UCR
-Subject to political manipulation (over or under counting)
-Reports can be incomplete or have data errors

34
Q

What is the goal of NIBRS?

A

to provide more detailed, accurate, and timely data than the UCR

35
Q

As of 2021, what is the national standard from crime data reporting?

A

NIBRS

36
Q

How many law enforcement agencies reported data to NIBRS in 2019?

A

Under 50%

37
Q

What info does NIBRS cover?

A

Info on the offence, victim, offender, etc.

38
Q

How are the NIBRS offenses divided?

A

-Into Group A and B
(There are 23 Group A offenses and Group B offenses are only reported if there is an arrest)

39
Q

What are the limitations of NIBRS?

A

-Can’t show long term trends
-Only includes crimes reported to law enforcement
-Because NIBRS collects more detailed info, it’s more difficult to collect and report info
-Data errors are possible (political manipulation)

40
Q

When did UCR, NIBRS, and NCVS start?

A

UCR- 1930s
NCVS- 1970s
NIBRS- 1980s

41
Q

What are the NCVS’s goals?

A

-Provides insight into dark figures of crime (crime not reported to law enforcement)
-To identify portions of the population at risk of victimization and estimate victimization rates

42
Q

What does the NCVS entail?

A

-Asks individuals if they’ve been victims of certain crimes (12 and older)
-Provides details about victims, offenders, and crimes
-Calculated crimes rates as per 1000 households

43
Q

What are the limitations of NCVS?

A

-Crimes without victims aren’t counted (drug deal, homicides)
-Crimes against businesses aren’t included
-Some victims aren’t willing to share incidents with researchers
-Memory issues, reporting victimization that occurred outside of the stated time period can occur

44
Q

What should you look for when choosing a source?

A

-Population of interest
-Crime of interest
-Long term trends
-Crimes that have been reported
-Generalizing trends

45
Q

What are the limitations of self reports?

A

-Doesn’t ask about serious crime
-Science of sophomores (College students aren’t the best to ask about crime since the higher the education = lower potential of committing crime)
-People may not be truthful and accurate in their reporting

46
Q

What do self reports entail?

A

-Generally surveys the general public
-Commonly high school or college students are surveyed
-Ideally gets a large sample that is nationally representative

CCJS105 (11 decks)

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