Chapter 2 - Matter, Forces, and Energy Flashcards
Secular scientists believe ______ _______ explains the shapes and arrangements of galaxies in space.
dark matter
Matter is defined as anything that
occupies space and has mass.
The two main types of matter are
pure substances and mixtures
The states of matter depend on a substance’s properties and
temperature
A force is
a push or pull
The force of _______ is very important in earth science.
gravity
A force acting on an object as it moves through a distance is called
work
The ability to do work is called
energy
_________ is never created or destroyed, it only changes form.
Energy
Atoms are made of
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
When an atom contains unequal numbers of electrons and protons, the atom is a charged particle called a(n)
ion
The two types of pure substances are
elements and compounds
Elements are made of only one kind of
atom
Compounds are made of two or more different
elements
Matter may undergo what types of changes?
physical, chemical, and nuclear
A change in matter that doesn’t alter its chemical identity.
physical change
The change from one pure substance to another by the rearrangement of atoms in a chemical reaction.
chemical changes
A change of one element into another element by changes occurring in the nucleus of the atom; can occur when atoms emit or absorb rays or particles; can also occur in nuclear reactions when atoms split apart through fission or join together through fusion.
nuclear changes
A material made of only one kind of element or compound; not a mixture.
pure substance
A physical combination of two or more substances - can be separated by physical means.
mixture
Sweetened tea would be an example of a
mixture
A fluid state of matter in which the particles are free to move but are held close to each other; a substances that has an unchanging volume but a changeable shape.
liquid
A rigid state of matter in which the particles align in a fixed arrangement; a substance that has an unchanging shape and volume.
solid
A fluid state of matter in which the particles move so fast and are so far apart as to have little interaction with each other; have both a changeable shape and volume.
gas
A fluid state of matter made of extremely high-temperature ionized particles; have both a changeable shape and volume.
plasma
The change in state from a solid directly to a gas caused by energy; the opposite of deposition.
sublimation
The change in state from a gas directly to a solid caused by removing energy; opposite of sublimation.
deposition
A contact force that acts to squeeze or crush an object or substance.
compression
Particles that are always present in the nucleus, and have a relatively large masse and a single positive charge.
protons
Slightly more massive than protons with no electrical charge.
neutrons
Particles around the nucleus and carries a single negative charge.
electrons
The change of state from a solid to a liquid at the melting point that is caused by adding energy; opposite of freezing.
melting
The change in state from a liquid to a solid caused by removing energy; opposite of melting.
freezing
The change in state from a liquid to a gas caused by adding energy; opposite of condesation.
vaporization
The change in state from a liquid to a gas at the boiling point; occurs when the pressure in the liquid exceeds the atmospheric pressure.
boiling
The change of state from a liquid to a gas below the boiling point but above the freezing point; occurs when particles near the surface of the liquid gain sufficient energy to escape the liquid.
evaporation
The change in state from a gas to a liquid caused by removing energy; occurs at the dew point and is the opposite of vaporization.
condensation
The change in state from a solid directly to a gas caused by adding energy; opposite of deposition.
sublimation
The change in state from a gas directly to a solid caused by removing energy; opposite of sublimation.
deposition (change of state)
Scientific law that states that matter and energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can only transfer between objects or transform to a different form.
first law of thermodynamics
