Chapter 2: Making Positive Choices

Question 1

An individual’s belief that they are responsible for the ultimate outcomes of their life; proactivity.

Answer 1

Internal locus of control

Question 2

The state of expecting that nothing you do will matter or affect your fate or an outcome based on your prior learning history.

Answer 2

Learned helplessness

Question 3

The nature of how an individual perceives their ability to control their response to life events; on a continuum from external (reactivity) to internal (proactivity).

Answer 3

Locus of control

Question 4

The attitude of perceiving and interpreting potential problems in way that gives them meaning and provides a sense of control; looking for reason to be happy and satisfied with life.

Answer 4

Optimism

Question 5

The opposite of optimism; expectations that are negative.

Answer 5

Pessimism

Question 6

Refers to taking the initiative, doing what is necessary and being response-able. It is a guiding paradigm of effective individuals.

Answer 6

Proactivity

Question 7

A perception of perceived competence. A combination of internal locus of control and proactivity.

Answer 7

Self-efficacy

Question 8

The running commentary that goes on in your head during the course of the day.

Answer 8

Self-talk

Question 9

The human tendency to perceive a correlation or relationship between things that really does not exist.

Answer 9

Spurious correlation

Question 10

giving oneself the message that a situation is too awful or overwhelming to bear or that the worst is about to happen.

Answer 10

Catastrophizing

Question 11

A branch of psychology that postulates that the study of humans should not focus solely on overt behavior but must include our covert behavior, the thoughts and self-talk that precede our behavior.

Answer 11

Cognitive - Behaviorism

Question 12

A powerful strategy for refuting irrational beliefs and changing your self-talk.

Answer 12

Cognitive restructuring

Question 13

when two variables tend to be reliably associated with one another; a reliable association between any two variables

Answer 13

Correlation

Question 14

a strategy of negative thinking in general, based on thoughts about the past, leading to negative expectations about the future.

Answer 14

Dispositional Pessimism

Question 15

a belief in cause and effect relationships and by implication the absence of free will in human affairs.

Answer 15

Determinism.

Question 16

a strategy that anticipates a negative outcome and then takes steps to avoid that outcome.

Answer 16

Defensive Pessimism

Question 17

an individual’s belief that they are a victim, buffeted and abused by external events over which they have no control.

Answer 17

External Locus of Control

Question 18

the ability of humans to ignore so-called determining factors and freely choose how and when to act.

Answer 18

Free will.