Chapter 2 - Key Terms Flashcards
type of molecule that interacts with water by dissolving in water and forming hydrogen bonds with water molecules
hydrophilic
type of molecule that does not interact with water because it is nonpolar
hydrophobic
weak bond that arises between a slightly positive hydrogen atom of one molecule and a slightly negative atom of another molecule or between parts of the same molecule
hydrogen bond
amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of water 1ºC
calorie
molecules tending to raise the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and lower its pH numerically
acids
molecules tending to lower the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution and raise its pH numerically
bases
measure of the hydrogen ion concentration H+; any pH below 7 is acidic and any pH above 7 is basic
pH scale
substance or group of substances that tend to resist pH changes of a solution, thus stabilizing its relative acidity and basicity
buffer
type of molecule that is not an organic molecule; not derived from a living organism
inorganic molecule
molecule that always contains carbon and hydrogen and often oxygen; organic molecules are associated with living things
organic molecule
specific cluster of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton of organic molecules that enters in to reaction and behaves in a predictable way
functional group
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer
monomer
a substance that a has a molecular structure consisting chiefly or entirely of a large number of similar units(monomer) bonded together
polymer
class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of CH2O groups; includes monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polyaccharides
carbohydrate
simple sugar; a carbohydrate that cannot be decomposed by hydrolysis
monosaccharide
sugar that contains two units of a monosaccharide; eg. maltose
disaccharide
polymer made from sugar monomers; the polysaccharides starch and glycogen are polymers of glucose monomers
polysaccharide
chemical reaction resulting in a covalent bond with the accompanying loss of a water molecule
condensation synthesis
splitting of a covalent bond by the addition of water
hydrolysis
storage polysaccharide found in plants that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion with few side chains
starch
storage polysaccharide found in animals that is composed of glucose molecules joined in a linear fashion but having numerous branches
glycogen
polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules; the chief constituent of a plant’s cell wall
cellulose
organic compound that is insoluble in water; notably fats, oils, and steroids
lipids
organic molecule that contains glycerol and fatty acids and is found in adipose tissue
fats
trigylceride usually of plant origin, composed of glycerol and three fatty acids that is liquid in consistency because there are many unsaturated bonds in the hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids
oils
neutral fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids
triglyceride
breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts of any other emulsifier
emulsification
molecule that contains a hydrocarbon chain and ends with an acid group
fatty acid
molecule that lacks double bonds between the carbons of its hydrocarbon chain. the chain bears the maximum number of hydrogens
saturated fatty acids
fatty acid molecule that has one or more double bonds between the atoms of its carbon chain
unsaturated fatty acids
molecule that forms the bilayer of the cell’s membranes ; has a polar, hydrophilic head bonded to two nonpolar, hydrophilic tails
phosphlipids
type of lipid molecule having a complex of four carbon rings but different side chains from other steroid hormones
steroids
organic catalyst, usually a protein that speeds up a reaction in cells due to its particular shape
enzymes
organic macromolecule that is composed of either one or several polypeptides
proteins
monomer of a protein; takes its name from the fact that it contains an amino group (-NH2) and an acid group(-COOH)
amino acid
covalent bond that joins two amino acids
peptide bond
polymer of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds
polypeptide bonds
loss of an enzyme’s normal shape so that it no longer functions; caused by a less than optimal pH and temperature
denaturation
nucleic acid foudn in cells; the genetic material that specifies protein synthesis in cells
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid
nucleic acid produced from covalent bonding of nucleotide monomers that contain the sugar ribose; occurs in three forms: messenger, ribosomal and transfer
RNA
ribonucleic acid
nucleotide with three phosphate groups. the breakdown of ATP in ADP +P make energy available for energy-requiring processes in cells
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
nucleotide with two phosphate groups that can accept another phosphate group and become ATP
ADP
adenosine diphosphate
