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abnormal psych test 1 > Chapter 2: integrative approach to psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: integrative approach to psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

components of the multidimensional integrative approach

A

-biological influences
-behavioral influences
-emotional and cognitive influences
-social influences

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2
Q

polygenic

A

influenced my many genes

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3
Q

best estimate is that ___ of our personality traits and cognitive abilities are due to genetics

A

half

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4
Q

Kandel: brain and other organs are subject to change in response to

A

environment

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5
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors which may be activated under the conditions of stress

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6
Q

diathesis

A

inherited tendency or condition that makes someone susceptible to develop a disorder

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7
Q

diathesis is ___ based

A

genetically

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8
Q

stressor is ___ based

A

environmentally

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9
Q

the smaller the vulnerability (diathesis), the ___ the life stress required to induce disorder

A

greater

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10
Q

the greater the vulnerability (diathesis) , the ___ the life stress required to induce disorder

A

lesser

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11
Q

Capsi study

A

-studied participants in New Zealand and looked at 5-HTT gene (serotonin gene)
-one long (L), one short (S) allele of the gene
-individuals with LL were better able to cope with stress than those with SS allele
-those with SS had doubled risk of depression if they had 4+ stressful life events
-those with LL had lower incidence rates of depression when also having stressful childhood experiences than compared to those with SS

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12
Q

gene-environment correlation model

A

hypothesis that people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder (ex: people with depression seek out hard relationships)

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13
Q

the probability if you divorcing ___ if your fraternal twin is also divorced

A

doubles

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14
Q

the probability if you divorcing ___ if your identical twin is also divorced

A

increases 6x

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15
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence such as new learning or stress that alter the phenotypic expression of genes

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16
Q

Chang and Eng

A

-1810 conjoined twins that shared identical genetics
-twins had distinct personalities (Chang was moody and depressed while Eng was cheerful and quiet)

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17
Q

central nervous system components

A

brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

peripheral nervous sytem components

A

somatic and autonomic nervous system

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19
Q

spinal cord function

A

facilitate the sending of messages to and from the brain

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20
Q

neuron function

A

control our thoughts and actions by transmitting information throughout nervous system

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21
Q

neuron structure

A

central body, one end has dendrite (branch) and other is axon (branch)

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22
Q

dendrites

A

have many receptors that receive messages (as chemical impulses) from other nerves and convert message to electrical impulse

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23
Q

axon

A

transmits electrical impulses to other neurons

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24
Q

synapse

A

the connection between 2 neurons, often called synaptic cleft

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25
Q

how information is transmitted in neuron

A

action potentials (electrical impulses) travel along axon and reach end (terminal button( which then send chemical messengers into synaptic cleft

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26
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals that crosses synaptic cleft to transmit impulses from one neuron to the next

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27
Q

glial cells

A

recently learned that they play active roles in neural activity

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28
Q

major neurotransmitters

A

norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate

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29
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

increase the likely hood that connecting neuron will fire (activate)

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30
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease the likely hood that connecting neuron will fire (inactivate)

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31
Q

the brain is made up of

A

brain stem and forebrain

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32
Q

brain stem

A

-most essential automatic functions (breathing, sleeping, moving)
-made up of hindbrain, midbrain, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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33
Q

hindbrain

A

made up of medulla, pons and cerebellum
-regulates automatic activity like breathing, HR, and digestion

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34
Q

midbrain

A

coordinates movement with sensory input and has parts of RAS

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35
Q

reticular activating system

A

contributes to process of arousal and tension (ex: awake and asleep)

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36
Q

thalamus and hypothalamus

A

regulate behavior and emotion, serve as relay between forebrain and lower areas of brainstrem

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37
Q

limbic system

A

-hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, amygdala
-helps regulate emotional experiences and expressions
-ability to learn and control impulses
-basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger and thirst

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38
Q

basal ganglia

A
  • at base of forebrain and includes caudate nucleus
    -controls motor activity
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39
Q

cerebral cortex

A

-largest part of forebrain (80% of neurons)
-allows for us to plan, reason and create
-divided into 2 hemispheres that are different

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40
Q

left hemisphere

A

verbal and cognitive processes

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41
Q

right hemisphere

A

better at perceiving the world around us and creating images

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42
Q

4 lobes

A

temporal, parietal, occipital and frontal

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43
Q

temporal lobe

A

recognizing sights and sounds
long term memory storage

44
Q

parietal lobe

A

recognizing sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning

45
Q

occipital lobe

A

integrating and making sense of visual inputs

46
Q

frontal lobe

A

-prefrontal cortex: higher cognitive function (thinking, reasoning and long term memory)

47
Q

what part of the brain synthesizes all information received from other parts of brain and decides how to respond

A

prefrontal cortex

48
Q

somatic nervous system

A

controls muscles

49
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

50
Q

autonomic nervous sytem

A

regulates cardiovascular and endocrine systems, aids in digestion and regulates body temp

51
Q

endocrine system

A

composed of glands that produce hormones (chemical messenger)

52
Q

adrenal glands produce

A

-epinephrine; in response to stress
-salt regulating hormones

53
Q

thyroid gland produces

A

thyroxine which regulates energy metabolism and growth

54
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

-mobilizes body during times of stress (fight or flight)
- increase HR and respiration, stimulate adrenal glands

55
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

-calm/balance to sympathetic
-facilitates storage of energy by helping digestion

56
Q

agonists

A

chemical substance that increases the activity of a neurotransmitter by imitating its effects

57
Q

antagonists

A

chemical substance that decreases or blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

58
Q

inverse agonists

A

chemical substance that produces effects opposite of a particular neurotransmitter

59
Q

reuptake

A

action by which a neurotransmitter is quickly drawn back into the discharging neuron after being released into the synaptic cleft

60
Q

monoamines

A

norepinephering, serotonin and dopamins

61
Q

amino acid neurotransmitters

A

gamma-animobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate

62
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory transmitter that turns on many neurons

63
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates/stops transmission of action potentials and info

64
Q

best known effect of GABA

A

to reduce anxiety

65
Q

benzodiazepines

A

make it easier for GABA molecules to attach themselves to neuron receptors which leads to becoming more calm (minor tranquilizer)

66
Q

GABA system reduces levels of

A

anxiety, muscle movement, anger, aggression and positive emotional states such as eager anticipation and pleasure

67
Q

serotonin (5HT)

A

-6 major circuits in midbrain
-regulates behavior, moods and thought processes

68
Q

extremely low levels of serotonin

A

less inhibition and instability, impulsivity and overreaction

69
Q

low levels of serotonin

A

aggression, suicide, impulsive overeating and excessive sexual behavior

70
Q

norepinephrine

A

stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, regulates certain behavioral tendencies (panic) and is not directly related to psychological disorder

71
Q

beta blockers

A

block beta adrenergic receptors so that response to surge of norepinerpherine is reduced which keeps BP and HR lower

72
Q

dopamine

A

-often associated with schizophrenia and addiction, and depression and ADHD

73
Q

L-dopa

A

dopamine circuit that is an agonist to dopamine
-circuit that regulates ability to move in coordinated way
-can be used to treat parkinsons and tremor diseases

74
Q

initiating factors

A

the reasons why the problem develops

75
Q

maintaining factors

A

the reasons why the problems persists

76
Q

exposure and response prevention (using CBT)

A

found that brain circuits had been changed on patients that had been treated by CBT

77
Q

study on psychosocial factors and levels of neurotransmitters

A

-group 1: monkeys living in cage with control (access to toys)
-group 2: monkeys living in cage with no control (only get toys when group 1 played with the toys)
-both groups given benzodiazepine (extreme anxiety)
-group 2: panicked and severe anxiety
group 1: did not seem anxious but were angry and aggressive
-conclusion: chemical substance had different effects depending on psychological and environmental histories

78
Q

study on psychosocial effect on brain structure and function

A

the nervous system of rats raised in rich environment that required they do a lot of learning and motor behavior developed differently than rats that were couch potatoes
-rich environment rats had more connections between nerve cells in cerebellum and grew more dendrites

79
Q

cognitive science

A

examines how humans acquire, process, store and retrieve information

80
Q

complex conditional processing of information as well as emotional processing is involved when

A

conditioning occurs

81
Q

learned helplessness

A

Seligmans theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality)

82
Q

learned optimism

A

if people faced with considerable stress and difficulty display an optimistic, upbeat attitude, they are likely to function better psychologically and physically

83
Q

those who had positive views about themselves and aging lived

A

7.5 years longer

84
Q

modeling/ observational learning

A

learning through observation and imitation of the behavior of other individuals and consequences of that behavior

85
Q

prepared learning

A

we have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects or situations over the corse of evolution because the knowledge contributes to the survival of the species

86
Q

implicit memory

A

condition of memory in which a person cannot recall past events despite acting in response to them

87
Q

explicit memory

A

conscious memory for events

88
Q

fight or flight response

A

biological reaction to alarming stressors that activate the body’s resources

89
Q

physiology of fear

A

-blood vessels constrict to raise arterial pressure and decrease flow to extremities
-excess blood redirected to muscles where it is available to vital organs
-breathing increases to bring in more O2 to give to brain to stimulate cognitive processes and sensory functions to make more alert and think quickly
-glucose mobilized from liver to energize muscle and organs

90
Q

emotion

A

patter of action elicited by an external events and a feeling state accompanied by a characteristic physiological response

91
Q

mood

A

persustent period of affect or emotionality

92
Q

affect

A

conscious, subjective aspect of an emotion that accompanies an action at a given time

93
Q

circumplex model

A

describes different emotions as points in a 2 dimensional space of valence and arousal

94
Q

valence

A

goodness/badness of a situaiton, often associated with “affect”

95
Q

3 components of emotion

A

behavior, physiology, cognition

96
Q

emotion scientists conc on behavior

A

think that basic patterns of emotion differ from one another in fundamental ways (ex: anger differs from sadness), think emotion is way of communicating with each other

97
Q

emotion scientists conc on physiology

A

view emotion as a brain function, areas of brain are associated with emotional expression and are more ancient/primitive, neurobiological connections between emotional centers and eye/ear

98
Q

emotion scientists conc on cognitive aspects

A

Lazarus thought that changes in a persons environment are analyzed in terms of their potential impact on that person and the type of analysis you make determines the emotion you perceive (thinking and feeling cannot be separated) but others disagreed with him saying cognitive and emotional systems interact and overlap

99
Q

hearts efficiency to pump blood throughout the body decreases during times of

A

anger (but not stress or exercise)

100
Q

fright disorders

A

exaggerates startle responses and other observable fear and anxiety reactions

101
Q

susto

A

various anxiety symptoms (insomnia, irritability, phobias and marked somatic symptoms) that are attributed to the individual believing they are object of black magic or witchcraft

102
Q

Haitian voodoo death

A

sentence of death by a medicine man can create intolerable autonomic arousal in someone who has no ability to cope (has no social support), eventually leads to damage of internal organs and death

103
Q

insect or small animal phobias more likely in

A

females

104
Q

social phobias affect men and women

A

equally

105
Q

the more social relations and interactions you have

A

the longer you are likely to live

106
Q

risk of schizophrenia for those who live in cities is

A

higher

107
Q

equifinality

A

developmental psychopathology principle that a behavior or disorder may have several causes

abnormal psych test 1 (3 decks)

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