Chapter 1: abnormal behavior in historical context Flashcards
psychological disorder
psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response
phobia
psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
3 criteria of a psychological disorder
- psychological dysfunction
- distress or impairment
- atypical response
abnormal behavior
actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior
psychological dysfunction
breakdown of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
psychopathology
scientific study of psychological disorders
clinical psychologist and counseling psychologists education
PhD
counseling psychologists
study and treat adjustment and vocational issues with relatively healthy people
clinical psychologists
concentrate on more severe psychological disorders
psychiatrists education
MD then specialize in 3-4 year residency
psychiatric social workers
earn masters in social work but also treat disorders (often family related)
psychiatric nurses
have advanced training to treat patients with psychological disorders, often working as part of team
family and marriage therapists and mental health counselors
1-2 year masters degree, employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics
scientist practitioners
mental health practitioners that focus on a scientific approach
-includes applying scientific methods to work, knowing and incorporating latest research on diagnosis and treatment
-evaluate methods for effectiveness
-may generate research to discover information about disorders and their treatment
3 major categories that make up the study of psychological disorders
- clinical description
- causation (etiology)
- treatment and outcome
presenting problem
original complaint reported by client to therapist, actual treated problem may be derived from presenting problem
clinical description
details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder
prevalence
number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time
incidence
number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period
course
pattern of development and change of a disorder over time
chronic course
tend to last a long time
episodic course
individual likely to recover but may suffer recurrence of disorder
time limited course
improve without treatment in a relatively short period of time with little or no risk of recurrence
acute onset
begin suddenly
insidious onset
develop gradually over an extended period of time
prognosis
predicted development of a disorder over time
etiology
cause or source of a disorder
supernatural model
agents such as divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields of the moon or stars are the driving forces influencing our behavior
psychological beliefs in late 14th century
authorities supported that psychological disorders were from supernatural causes
exorcism
religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the person by ridding the body of demons
emotion contagion
aka mass hysteria– the experience of an emotion spreads to those around us
Hippocrates (460-377 BC)
-believed that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
-believed that psychological disorders may be part of brain pathology, head trauma or could be influenced by genetics
-recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology (like family stress)
Galen (129-198 AD)
-adopted Hippocrates approach
-added on humoral theory of disorders
4 humors of body
-blood (heart)
-black bile (spleen)
-phlegm (brain)
-yellow bile (liver)
melancholy
refers to black bile, not refers to aspects of depression
4 basic qualities by Greeks
heat, dryness, moisture, and cold
in ancient Asia, the humors were
focused to be air or wind throughout the body, disorders came from blocked wind
syphilis
-STI from bacterial microbes entering brain
-changes behavior (everyone plotting against you or feeling like a god)
-called general paresis (5 year timeline to death)
-injected patients with malaria to cure
John P Grey (1800s)
-in charge of US hospital
-believed causes of insanity were physical so treated mentally ill like the physically ill (rest, diet, room temp)
-conditions in hospitals improved
insulin shock therapy
-1927, Sakel gave patients insulin to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients and worked to calm them down, some recovered their mental health but many died or were comatose
psychosocial treatment
treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family) as wall as psychological influences
-these approaches include cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal methods
moral therapy (19th century)
psychosocial approach that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments, was found to have dramatic positive effects on patients however, eventually declined as was found to work best on institutions with 200 pts or less
Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)
creator of mental hygiene movement that worked to improve standards of care in institutions and worked to make sure everyone who needed care recieved it
psychoanalysis
assessment and therapy pioneered by Freud that emphasizes exploration of and insight into unconscious processes and conflicts
behaviorism
explanation of human behavior including dysfunction based on principles of learning and adaption derived from experimental psychology
-associated with Watson, Pavlov and Skinner
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
-alongside Breuer, believe that they discovered that the unconscious mind had an influence on production of psychological disorders
-also found it was therapeutic to recall and relieve emotional trauma that was made by unconscious
unconscious
part of psychic makeup that is outside the awareness if the person
catharsis
rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be important factor in psychoanalytic therapy
psychoanalytic model
complex and comprehensive theory of Freud that seeks to account for the development and stricture of personality as well as the origin of abnormal behavior based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces
3 major factors of psychoanalytic model
- the structure of the mind and the functions of personalities that sometimes clash with one another
- the defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these conflicts
- the stages or psychosexual development that contribute to inner conflicts
3 structures of the mind according to Freud
the id, the ego and the super ego
the id
the unconscious psychic entity present at birth that is the source of strong sexual and aggressive feelings (the animal in us) as well as the death instinct
the id operates according to
the pleasure principle (goal to maximize pleasure and eliminate tension or conflicts)
primary process
the way of processing information of the id, often emotional, irrational, filled with fantasies and occupied with sex, aggression and selfishness
the ego
the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy the id drive
the ego operates according to the
reality principle (thinking style that focuses on logic and reason referred to as secondary process)
the sugerego
“conscience”, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society
intrapsychic conflicts
the struggle between the id, the ego and the superego
defense mechanisms
common pattern of behavior often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation , psychoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes originating in the ego
denial
refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others
displacement
transfers a feeling about, or a response to an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually a less threatening object or person
projection
falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses or thoughts to another individual or object
rationalization
conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations
reaction formation
substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones
repression
blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness
sublimation
directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
psychosexual stages of development (Freud)
stages each person passes through during development, each stage named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at the time (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)
castration anxiety
the fear in phallic stage of boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers (often by their fathers)
electra complex
Freud’s theory for girls that girls wanted to replace their mother and possess their fathers, driven by penis envy
neuroses (neurosis)
Freud, non-psychotic psychological disorders resulted from unconscious conflicts, and anxiety also resulted from these conflicts
ego psychology/ self psychology
Anna Freud, psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts
object relations
development of psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate memories and values of people who are close and important to them
collective unconscious
Jung, accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations
students of Freud, Jung and Adler believed
that the basic quality of human nature was positive and there is a strong drive toward self actualization
Adler
inferiority complex
free association
Freud, psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious, the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to their mind without censoring
dream analysis
psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychiatric conflicts
psychoanalyst
therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning MD or PHD
classical psychoanalysis
-therapy 4-5 times per week for 2-5 years
-aim to analyze unconscious conflicts, resolve them and reconstruct personality to put ego back in charge
psychodynamic psychotherapy
modern version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but if briefer and focuses more on specific problems
self actualizing
process emphasized in humanistic theory that in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
made hierarchy of needs
(food, sex, social needs, self actualization, love, self esteem), cannot move up hierarchy until lower level needs are satisfied
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
-most influential humanist
-person centered theory
person centered theory
therapy method in which the client rather than counsler primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self discovery and self responsibility
unconditional positive regard
acceptance by the counsler of they clients feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation
behavioral model (cognitive behavioral or social learning model)
explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaption derived from experimental psychology
Pavlov (1849-1936)
classical conditioning, behavioral model
classical conditioning
learning where a neural stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response
stimulus generalization
reaction occurs even when not exposed to stimulus but to something that reminds person of stimulus
components of classical conditioning
-unconditional stimulus: object (food)
-unconditioned response: the natural or unlearned response to stimulus (drooling)
-conditioned stimulus: any object associated with the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response: to conditioned stimulus, same response occurs
extinction
learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed, also the procedure of removing that reinforcement of pairing
introspection
Titchener
early nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts or feelings that specific stimuli evoked
John B Watson (1878-1958)
-US psychologist that is the founder of behavioralism
-thought that psychology could be made as scientific as physiology
-dis experiments with little Albert and the rat to condition boy to be scared of white fluffy things
systematic desensitization
behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with positing coping experiences, usually relaxation
behavior therapy
array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change
Thorndike (1874-1949)
law of effect: behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior
operant conditioning
Skinner
behavior operates based on environment and changes in some ways
reinforcement
in operant conditioning: either strengthens it or increase its frequency
-positive: contingent delivery of desired consequence
-negative: contingent escape of an adverse consequence
shaping
in operant conditioning: the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner
