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abnormal psych test 1 > Chapter 1: abnormal behavior in historical context > Flashcards

Chapter 1: abnormal behavior in historical context Flashcards

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1
Q

psychological disorder

A

psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally expected response

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2
Q

phobia

A

psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation

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3
Q

3 criteria of a psychological disorder

A
  1. psychological dysfunction
  2. distress or impairment
  3. atypical response
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4
Q

abnormal behavior

A

actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior

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5
Q

psychological dysfunction

A

breakdown of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

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6
Q

psychopathology

A

scientific study of psychological disorders

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7
Q

clinical psychologist and counseling psychologists education

A

PhD

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8
Q

counseling psychologists

A

study and treat adjustment and vocational issues with relatively healthy people

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9
Q

clinical psychologists

A

concentrate on more severe psychological disorders

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10
Q

psychiatrists education

A

MD then specialize in 3-4 year residency

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11
Q

psychiatric social workers

A

earn masters in social work but also treat disorders (often family related)

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12
Q

psychiatric nurses

A

have advanced training to treat patients with psychological disorders, often working as part of team

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13
Q

family and marriage therapists and mental health counselors

A

1-2 year masters degree, employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics

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14
Q

scientist practitioners

A

mental health practitioners that focus on a scientific approach
-includes applying scientific methods to work, knowing and incorporating latest research on diagnosis and treatment
-evaluate methods for effectiveness
-may generate research to discover information about disorders and their treatment

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15
Q

3 major categories that make up the study of psychological disorders

A
  1. clinical description
  2. causation (etiology)
  3. treatment and outcome
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16
Q

presenting problem

A

original complaint reported by client to therapist, actual treated problem may be derived from presenting problem

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17
Q

clinical description

A

details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder

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18
Q

prevalence

A

number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time

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19
Q

incidence

A

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period

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20
Q

course

A

pattern of development and change of a disorder over time

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21
Q

chronic course

A

tend to last a long time

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22
Q

episodic course

A

individual likely to recover but may suffer recurrence of disorder

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23
Q

time limited course

A

improve without treatment in a relatively short period of time with little or no risk of recurrence

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24
Q

acute onset

A

begin suddenly

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25
Q

insidious onset

A

develop gradually over an extended period of time

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26
Q

prognosis

A

predicted development of a disorder over time

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27
Q

etiology

A

cause or source of a disorder

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28
Q

supernatural model

A

agents such as divinities, demons, spirits, or other phenomena such as magnetic fields of the moon or stars are the driving forces influencing our behavior

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29
Q

psychological beliefs in late 14th century

A

authorities supported that psychological disorders were from supernatural causes

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30
Q

exorcism

A

religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the person by ridding the body of demons

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31
Q

emotion contagion

A

aka mass hysteria– the experience of an emotion spreads to those around us

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32
Q

Hippocrates (460-377 BC)

A

-believed that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
-believed that psychological disorders may be part of brain pathology, head trauma or could be influenced by genetics
-recognized the importance of psychological and interpersonal contributions to psychopathology (like family stress)

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33
Q

Galen (129-198 AD)

A

-adopted Hippocrates approach
-added on humoral theory of disorders

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34
Q

4 humors of body

A

-blood (heart)
-black bile (spleen)
-phlegm (brain)
-yellow bile (liver)

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35
Q

melancholy

A

refers to black bile, not refers to aspects of depression

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36
Q

4 basic qualities by Greeks

A

heat, dryness, moisture, and cold

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37
Q

in ancient Asia, the humors were

A

focused to be air or wind throughout the body, disorders came from blocked wind

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38
Q

syphilis

A

-STI from bacterial microbes entering brain
-changes behavior (everyone plotting against you or feeling like a god)
-called general paresis (5 year timeline to death)
-injected patients with malaria to cure

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39
Q

John P Grey (1800s)

A

-in charge of US hospital
-believed causes of insanity were physical so treated mentally ill like the physically ill (rest, diet, room temp)
-conditions in hospitals improved

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40
Q

insulin shock therapy

A

-1927, Sakel gave patients insulin to stimulate appetite in psychotic patients and worked to calm them down, some recovered their mental health but many died or were comatose

41
Q

psychosocial treatment

A

treatment practices that focus on social and cultural factors (such as family) as wall as psychological influences
-these approaches include cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal methods

42
Q

moral therapy (19th century)

A

psychosocial approach that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments, was found to have dramatic positive effects on patients however, eventually declined as was found to work best on institutions with 200 pts or less

43
Q

Dorthea Dix (1802-1887)

A

creator of mental hygiene movement that worked to improve standards of care in institutions and worked to make sure everyone who needed care recieved it

44
Q

psychoanalysis

A

assessment and therapy pioneered by Freud that emphasizes exploration of and insight into unconscious processes and conflicts

45
Q

behaviorism

A

explanation of human behavior including dysfunction based on principles of learning and adaption derived from experimental psychology
-associated with Watson, Pavlov and Skinner

46
Q

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

A

-alongside Breuer, believe that they discovered that the unconscious mind had an influence on production of psychological disorders
-also found it was therapeutic to recall and relieve emotional trauma that was made by unconscious

47
Q

unconscious

A

part of psychic makeup that is outside the awareness if the person

48
Q

catharsis

A

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be important factor in psychoanalytic therapy

49
Q

psychoanalytic model

A

complex and comprehensive theory of Freud that seeks to account for the development and stricture of personality as well as the origin of abnormal behavior based primarily on inferred inner entities and forces

50
Q

3 major factors of psychoanalytic model

A
  1. the structure of the mind and the functions of personalities that sometimes clash with one another
  2. the defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these conflicts
  3. the stages or psychosexual development that contribute to inner conflicts
51
Q

3 structures of the mind according to Freud

A

the id, the ego and the super ego

52
Q

the id

A

the unconscious psychic entity present at birth that is the source of strong sexual and aggressive feelings (the animal in us) as well as the death instinct

53
Q

the id operates according to

A

the pleasure principle (goal to maximize pleasure and eliminate tension or conflicts)

54
Q

primary process

A

the way of processing information of the id, often emotional, irrational, filled with fantasies and occupied with sex, aggression and selfishness

55
Q

the ego

A

the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy the id drive

56
Q

the ego operates according to the

A

reality principle (thinking style that focuses on logic and reason referred to as secondary process)

57
Q

the sugerego

A

“conscience”, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards of parents and society

58
Q

intrapsychic conflicts

A

the struggle between the id, the ego and the superego

59
Q

defense mechanisms

A

common pattern of behavior often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation , psychoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes originating in the ego

60
Q

denial

A

refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others

61
Q

displacement

A

transfers a feeling about, or a response to an object that causes discomfort onto another, usually a less threatening object or person

62
Q

projection

A

falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses or thoughts to another individual or object

63
Q

rationalization

A

conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations

64
Q

reaction formation

A

substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones

65
Q

repression

A

blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness

66
Q

sublimation

A

directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior

67
Q

psychosexual stages of development (Freud)

A

stages each person passes through during development, each stage named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at the time (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital)

68
Q

castration anxiety

A

the fear in phallic stage of boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers (often by their fathers)

69
Q

electra complex

A

Freud’s theory for girls that girls wanted to replace their mother and possess their fathers, driven by penis envy

70
Q

neuroses (neurosis)

A

Freud, non-psychotic psychological disorders resulted from unconscious conflicts, and anxiety also resulted from these conflicts

71
Q

ego psychology/ self psychology

A

Anna Freud, psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts

72
Q

object relations

A

development of psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate memories and values of people who are close and important to them

73
Q

collective unconscious

A

Jung, accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations

74
Q

students of Freud, Jung and Adler believed

A

that the basic quality of human nature was positive and there is a strong drive toward self actualization

75
Q

Adler

A

inferiority complex

76
Q

free association

A

Freud, psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious, the patient is instructed to say whatever comes to their mind without censoring

77
Q

dream analysis

A

psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychiatric conflicts

78
Q

psychoanalyst

A

therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning MD or PHD

79
Q

classical psychoanalysis

A

-therapy 4-5 times per week for 2-5 years
-aim to analyze unconscious conflicts, resolve them and reconstruct personality to put ego back in charge

80
Q

psychodynamic psychotherapy

A

modern version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but if briefer and focuses more on specific problems

81
Q

self actualizing

A

process emphasized in humanistic theory that in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences

82
Q

Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

A

made hierarchy of needs
(food, sex, social needs, self actualization, love, self esteem), cannot move up hierarchy until lower level needs are satisfied

83
Q

Carl Rogers (1902-1987)

A

-most influential humanist
-person centered theory

84
Q

person centered theory

A

therapy method in which the client rather than counsler primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self discovery and self responsibility

85
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

acceptance by the counsler of they clients feelings and actions without judgement or condemnation

86
Q

behavioral model (cognitive behavioral or social learning model)

A

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaption derived from experimental psychology

87
Q

Pavlov (1849-1936)

A

classical conditioning, behavioral model

88
Q

classical conditioning

A

learning where a neural stimulus is paired with a response until it elicits that response

89
Q

stimulus generalization

A

reaction occurs even when not exposed to stimulus but to something that reminds person of stimulus

90
Q

components of classical conditioning

A

-unconditional stimulus: object (food)
-unconditioned response: the natural or unlearned response to stimulus (drooling)
-conditioned stimulus: any object associated with the unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response: to conditioned stimulus, same response occurs

91
Q

extinction

A

learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decreases when that reinforcement or pairing is removed, also the procedure of removing that reinforcement of pairing

92
Q

introspection

A

Titchener
early nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts or feelings that specific stimuli evoked

93
Q

John B Watson (1878-1958)

A

-US psychologist that is the founder of behavioralism
-thought that psychology could be made as scientific as physiology
-dis experiments with little Albert and the rat to condition boy to be scared of white fluffy things

94
Q

systematic desensitization

A

behavioral therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with positing coping experiences, usually relaxation

95
Q

behavior therapy

A

array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. It considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change

96
Q

Thorndike (1874-1949)

A

law of effect: behavior is either strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior

97
Q

operant conditioning

A

Skinner
behavior operates based on environment and changes in some ways

98
Q

reinforcement

A

in operant conditioning: either strengthens it or increase its frequency
-positive: contingent delivery of desired consequence
-negative: contingent escape of an adverse consequence

99
Q

shaping

A

in operant conditioning: the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner

abnormal psych test 1 (3 decks)

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