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ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY > CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY > Flashcards

CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards

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1
Q

One dimensional Model vs. Multidimensional Model

A

OMM - one causality

MDM - several models or systematic look for the causality

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2
Q

It is a cause of fainting in Blood Injection Injury based on Judy’s case

A

Vasovagal Syncope

Syncope means “sinking feeling”

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3
Q

It is the cause of vasovagal syncope that changes the blood

A

Sinoaortic Baroreflex

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4
Q

A type of influence that affects the physiological responses in heart rate, respiration and blood pressure

A

Emotional influence

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5
Q

It is a long molecules of DNA at various location in chromosomes within nucleus

A

Genes

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6
Q

It is a degenerative brain disease at middle age

A

Hungtington’s disease

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7
Q

What is the cause of Hungtington’s disease

A

It is due to deterioration of basal ganglia

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8
Q

It is disorder which has the lower number of phenylalanine that result to intellectual disability (mental retardation)

A

PKU or Phenylketonuria

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9
Q

What is the cause of PKU?

A

Defect in one gene that create the enzyme for phenylalanine

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10
Q

How many chromosomes a normal person has?

A

46 chromosomes

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11
Q

How many chromosomes are responsible for developing the physical parts like brain and heart?

A

20 pairs

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12
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes is for the identifying the sex?

A

The last pair

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13
Q

X chromosome is for ____

A

female

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14
Q

Y chromosome is for _____

A

Male

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15
Q

It is a strong influence trait

A

Dominant gene

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16
Q

It is not a strong trait

A

Recessive gene

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17
Q

It is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene

A

Polygenic

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18
Q

It is a complete set of genes

A

Genome

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19
Q

How many approximately genomes does a person has?

A

20,000 genes

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20
Q

It is sums up all the tiny effects across many genes without telling us exact genes causes it

A

Quantitative genetics

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21
Q

It examines actual structure of genes

A

Molecular genetics

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22
Q

What is diathesis stress model?

A

A tendency to express a certain trait or behavior may be activated under conditions of stress

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23
Q

Using a Diathesis Stress Model, how do you conclude that a person is susceptible to have a disorder?

A

A higher vulnerability facing a low life stress events can lead to disorder
A lower vulnerability facing a high life stress events can lead to disorder

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24
Q

Using the alleles, how do you say that a person can cope or not a stressful situation?

A

If a person has long alleles (LL) it means that it has a higher chance to cope stress.
However, if a person has short alleles (SS) it has lower chance to cope stress.

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25
Q

What is Gene- Environment Correlation Model?

A

A tendency that a person is genetically determined to create the very environment risk factors that triggers a genetic vulnerability

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26
Q

Other name for Genetic- Environment Correlation Model?

A

Reciprocal gene-environment model

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27
Q

What is cross-fostering?

A

A maternal behavior affects the stress reactivity of the offspring in an environment

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28
Q

It is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.

A

Epigenetics

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29
Q

It is how the brain understand the behavior, emotions and cognitive process

A

Neuroscience

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30
Q

What are the parts of central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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31
Q

What are two types of peripheral nervous system?

A

ANS and SNS

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32
Q

It transmits information throughout the N.S

A

Neurons

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33
Q

How many number of neurons do we all have?

A

140 billions

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34
Q

It receives message from other nerve cells

A

Dendrites

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35
Q

It transmit impulses to other neurons

A

Axon

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36
Q

A space between axon and dendrite

A

Synaptic cleft

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37
Q

It is a biochemical released from axon and transmit impulse to the dendrite receptor

A

Neurotransmitter

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38
Q

It is passive cell, connect and insulate neurons, and modulate the neurotransmitters activities

A

Glia or Glial cells

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39
Q

A lower level of this neurotransmitter leads to excessive anxiety

A

GABA

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40
Q

A lower level of these neurotransmitters lead to depression

A

Norepinephrine and serotonin

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41
Q

A higher level of this neurotransmitter leads to schizophrenia

A

Dopamine

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42
Q

It handles most ANS functions like breathing, sleeping and moving in coordinated way

A

Brainstem

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43
Q

It controls motor coordination, a problem to this leads to ASD

A

Cerebellum

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44
Q

It is located in the brainstem that coordinates movement of sensory input and contain RAS (reticular activating system)

A

Midbrain

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45
Q

What is RAS?

A

Reticular Activating System is for arousal and tension, being awake or sleep

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46
Q

It relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

A

Thalamus

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47
Q

It is for releasing hormones and regulating body temperature.

A

Hypothalamus

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48
Q

It is the lowest part of the brain that contains the medulla, pons and cerebellum

A

Hindbrain

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49
Q

It regulates many automatic activities like breathing, pumping action of the heart (heartbeat) and digestion

A

Hindbrain

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50
Q

Abnormality in this part of this brain is associated with ASD

A

Cerebellum

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51
Q

What are two parts that located at the top of brainstem

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

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52
Q

It is at the base of the forebrain that is above the the thalamus at hypothalamus

A

Limbic system

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53
Q

What is the meaning of limbic? Why it is called limbic system?

A

It means “border” that means located at the edge of the center of the brain

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54
Q

What are the four parts of the limbic system?

What are their shapes?

A 
(HCSA)
Hippocampus - seahorse
Cingulate gyrus - girdle
Septum - partition
Amygdala - almond
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55
Q

What is the purpose of limbic system?

A
  1. It regulates our emotional experiences

2. Ability to learn and control our impulses that involved basic drives (hunger, thirst, sex and aggression)

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56
Q

It is at the base of the forebrain that has caudate (tailed) nucleus. The damages on their structures lead to change of posture or twitch or shake

A

Basal ganglia

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57
Q

It is the largers part of the forebrain that has 80% of neuron in the CNS

A

Cerebral cortex

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58
Q

This part allows us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create

A

Cerebral Cortex

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59
Q

What are the two parts of cerebral cortex?

A

Right and Left Hemisphere

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60
Q

Left Hemisphere vs Right Hemisphere

A

Left - cognitive and verbal

Right - perceiving around us and creating images

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61
Q

What are the four lobes?

A 
(FPOT)
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
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62
Q

A lobe that is for hearing and for sights, and with long term memory storage

A

Temporal lobe

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63
Q

A lobe that is for sensation of touch and monitoring body positioning

A

Parietal lobe

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64
Q

A lobe that is for visual inputs

A

Occipital lobe

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65
Q

A lobe that is for higher level of functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future and long term memory

A

Frontal (prefrontal cortex)

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66
Q

What are the two branches of Peripheral Nervous System?

A

ANS and SNS

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67
Q

A part of PNS which is controls the muscles and voluntary movement, a damage to this part leads to difficulty in speaking

A

SNS

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68
Q

What are two subgroups of ANS?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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69
Q

What are two primary function of Autonomic Nervous system?

A
  1. It regulates the Cardiovascular system and also the endocrine system
70
Q

What system of the body produces the hormones or chemical messenger directly in the stream in the body?

A

Endocrine system

71
Q

A gland the produces the stress hormones that called ____?

A

Adrenal glands

Epinephrine

72
Q

A gland that produces thyroxine which facilitates energy metabolism and growth

A

Thyroid gland

73
Q

What does thyroid gland produces?

A

Thyroxine

74
Q

What does adrenal gland produces?

A

Epinephrine

75
Q

A gland that produces sex hormones

A

Gonadal glands

76
Q

What does gonadal glands produces?

A

Estrogen and testosterones

77
Q

A gland that produces variety of hormones

A

Pituitary gland

78
Q

What is psychoneuroendocrinology?

A

An interdisciplinary which endocrine regulation relates to many psychological disorders

79
Q

How sympathetic nervous system operates?

A

It mobilizes when a person is in danger or in stress that causes physiological reactions.
It mediates emergency or alarm

80
Q

How parasympathetic nervous system operates?

A

It is to balance the sympathetic NS

It normalizes the arousal and digestive process

81
Q

It is the master or coordinator of the endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland

82
Q

It involves pituitary, hypothalamus and andrenal glands that produces cortisol

A

HPA axis

83
Q

What are four glands that produces hormones?

A

Pituitary, Thyroid, Gonadal, and Adrenal gland

84
Q

It produces thyroxine gland for balance

A

Thyroid

85
Q

It produces sex hormones which are ____.

A

Gonadal, Testosterone and Estrogen

86
Q

It is ____ that produces _____ stress hormones

A

Adrenal, epinephrine or adrenaline

87
Q

What are the effects when the neurotransmitter changed its production

A

Agonist
Antagonist
inverse agonist

88
Q

It increased when mimicking the effects of hormones

A

agonist

89
Q

It decreases by blocking the effects of hormones

A

antagonist

90
Q

It is the opposite of the effects of the hormones

A

inverse agonist

91
Q

The signal was return back to synaptic cleft to the other neuron

A

reuptake

92
Q

It is the path or ways in the brain on how the neurotransmitter connected

A

brain circuits

93
Q

What are the two types of nuerotransmitter?

A

Amino acid and monoamines

94
Q

What are the subgroup of monoamines?

A

Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine

95
Q

What are the subgroup of amino acid?

A

GABA and Glutamate

96
Q

A neurotranmiiter that regulates mood, behavior and thought process

A

Serotonin

97
Q

A high level of serotonin causes to have ___

A

anger, excessive sexual behavior

98
Q

A lower level of serotonin causes to have ___

A

impulsive, overreact, instability

99
Q

A type of neurotransmitter that is connected to depression

A

Serotonin

100
Q

Other name of serotonin

A

5HT

101
Q

Other name of norepinephrine

A

noradrenaline

102
Q

There are drugs that causes neurotransmitter to lower the hypertension

A

beta-blockers

103
Q

What are the two receptors of norepinephrine?

A

Alpha adrenegic and army adrenegic

104
Q

Other name of dopamine

A

catecholamine

105
Q

A neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia, ADHD and addiction

A

Dopamine

106
Q

It is associated for outgoing, exploratory and pleasure seeking

A

dopamine

107
Q

What is the effect when a high level of minor tranquilizer attach to the GABA molecules?

A

Reduces anxiety, we become calm

108
Q

What is a drug used to increase the level of dopamine?

A

L - Dopa

109
Q

Deficiency of dopamine leads to _____ disease.

A

Parkinson’s disease

110
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

It has deterioration of motor activities and tremors

111
Q

What is the physiological cause of OCD?

A

Orbital Surface in the frontal - cortex

112
Q

What is the best treatment for OCD?

A

CBT or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

113
Q

What is the treatment when OCD is severe?

A

Psychosurgery

114
Q

What is CBT?

A

“re-wiring of the brain”

115
Q

Other name for CBT

A

Exposure and response prevention

116
Q

What do you mean when you say the drug is “bottom down”

A

It means drug effect is going up for the higher (cerebral) cortex

117
Q

What do you mean when you say the drug is “top down”

A

The means the drug effect is in the cortex going to emotional brain

118
Q

Research:

He is known for his study monkey that studies the effects of neurotransmitters and psychosocial factors

A

Thomas Insel

119
Q

Research:

He is known for his 2 old cray fish that studies the effects of serotonin that is reversible

A

Yen et.al

120
Q

Research:

He is known for his primates that studies the effects of stressful environments causes deficits in serotonin

A

Suomi

121
Q

Research:

He is known for his big and small mouse that studies the effects of bullying to their mesolimbic dopamine system

A

Berton

122
Q

It is a branch of science that acquires and restore information and able to retrieve it

A

Cognitive Science

123
Q

How conditioning occurs?

A

Cognitive process + Emotional process

124
Q

Who theorizes the learned helplessness?

A

Martin Seligman and Steven Maier

125
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A

A person think that he has no control anymore to his stressful environment

126
Q

Movement, breathing and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals

A

brain stem

127
Q

Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptors sites inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal

A

GABA

128
Q

Which neurotransmitter is a swithc that turns on various brain circuits

A

Dopamine

129
Q

Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in our emergency reactions or alarm responses

A

Norepinephrine

130
Q

This area contains part of the RAS and coordinates movement with sensory inputs

A

Midbrain

131
Q

Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information, as well as to moderate or inhibit our behavior

A

Serotonin

132
Q

More than 80% of the neurons in the human central nervous system contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities

A

Cerebral Cortex

133
Q

This area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking and reasoning capabilities and makes us social animals

A

Frontal Lobe

134
Q

Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:
Karen noticed that everytime Tyron behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself

A

Modeling learning

135
Q

Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:

Josj stopped trying to please his father because he never knows whether his father will be proud or outraged

A

Learned helplessness

136
Q

Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:
Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Evewn though Greg has no recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water

A

Implicit memory

137
Q

Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:

Juanita was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn’t likely to hurt her

A

Prepared learning

138
Q

What we _____ is strongly influence by our environment

A

fear

139
Q

The likelihood of you having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by _______.

A

Gender

140
Q

A large number of studies have demonstrated that the greater number of frequency of ______ relationships and ______, the longer you are like to live.

A

social, contacts

141
Q

The effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with _____.

A

age

142
Q

The principle of ______ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome

A

equifinality

143
Q

It a way to combat a depressive environment

A

Learned optimism

144
Q

What is social learning?

A

We learned from observation

145
Q

Who theorizes Social Learning Theory?

A

Albert Bandura

146
Q

It is a theory which has selectivce association due to fears and phobias

A

Prepared learning

147
Q

What is blindsight or unconscious vision?

A

It is a phenomenon which a person has no sight he can still perform guided by his pure unconscious awareness

148
Q

What are two types of memory?

A

Implicit and explicit memory

149
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

A person cannot remember actions from the past

150
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

A person can remember actions from the past

151
Q

What are the methods of studying unconscious?

A

Black box, stroop - color naming diagram and fMRI

152
Q

It is unobservable feelings and cognitions inferred from self-report

A

Black box

153
Q

A neuropsychological test extensively used to assess the ability to inhibit cognitive interference

A

stroop color naming diagram

154
Q

It is a test to see the neural activity in the brain if a person is conscious or not

A

fMRI

155
Q

It is a subjective feeling of terror which is the “action tendency”

A

Emotion

156
Q

What is the alarm reaction to fear?

A

Fight and Flight tendency

157
Q

It is to escape from fear

A

Flight

158
Q

It is to fend off to fear

A

Fight

159
Q

He studied that fear causes us to have a physiological effects

A

Walter Cannon

160
Q

Emotions vs. Mood

A

Emotions - short period due to external events

Mood - persistent period of affect or emotionality

161
Q

It is a short period due to external events

A

Emotions

162
Q

It is a persistent period of affect or emotionality

A

Mood

163
Q

It is the tone of the emotions

A

Affect

164
Q

What are the two types of affect?

A

Positive and negative affect

165
Q

What are the three components of emotions?

A

Behavior, Physiological, Cognition

166
Q

A fright disorder of Latin america which a person is the object of black magic

A

Susto

167
Q

It is a term coined by Walter Cannon in 1942 also known as psychogenic death or psychosomatic death, a phenomenon of sudden death as brought about by a strong emotional shock, such as fear.

A

Voodoo death

168
Q

A glance believed to have the ability to cause injury or death to those on whom it fall

A

Evil eye

169
Q

What is the coping mechanism of girl to stress?

A

Tend and befriend

170
Q

It is a serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment.

A

Delirium

ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY (3 decks)

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