CHAPTER 2: INTEGRATIVE APPROACH OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY Flashcards
One dimensional Model vs. Multidimensional Model
OMM - one causality
MDM - several models or systematic look for the causality
It is a cause of fainting in Blood Injection Injury based on Judy’s case
Vasovagal Syncope
Syncope means “sinking feeling”
It is the cause of vasovagal syncope that changes the blood
Sinoaortic Baroreflex
A type of influence that affects the physiological responses in heart rate, respiration and blood pressure
Emotional influence
It is a long molecules of DNA at various location in chromosomes within nucleus
Genes
It is a degenerative brain disease at middle age
Hungtington’s disease
What is the cause of Hungtington’s disease
It is due to deterioration of basal ganglia
It is disorder which has the lower number of phenylalanine that result to intellectual disability (mental retardation)
PKU or Phenylketonuria
What is the cause of PKU?
Defect in one gene that create the enzyme for phenylalanine
How many chromosomes a normal person has?
46 chromosomes
How many chromosomes are responsible for developing the physical parts like brain and heart?
20 pairs
How many pairs of chromosomes is for the identifying the sex?
The last pair
X chromosome is for ____
female
Y chromosome is for _____
Male
It is a strong influence trait
Dominant gene
It is not a strong trait
Recessive gene
It is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene
Polygenic
It is a complete set of genes
Genome
How many approximately genomes does a person has?
20,000 genes
It is sums up all the tiny effects across many genes without telling us exact genes causes it
Quantitative genetics
It examines actual structure of genes
Molecular genetics
What is diathesis stress model?
A tendency to express a certain trait or behavior may be activated under conditions of stress
Using a Diathesis Stress Model, how do you conclude that a person is susceptible to have a disorder?
A higher vulnerability facing a low life stress events can lead to disorder
A lower vulnerability facing a high life stress events can lead to disorder
Using the alleles, how do you say that a person can cope or not a stressful situation?
If a person has long alleles (LL) it means that it has a higher chance to cope stress.
However, if a person has short alleles (SS) it has lower chance to cope stress.
What is Gene- Environment Correlation Model?
A tendency that a person is genetically determined to create the very environment risk factors that triggers a genetic vulnerability
Other name for Genetic- Environment Correlation Model?
Reciprocal gene-environment model
What is cross-fostering?
A maternal behavior affects the stress reactivity of the offspring in an environment
It is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.
Epigenetics
It is how the brain understand the behavior, emotions and cognitive process
Neuroscience
What are the parts of central nervous system?
Brain and spinal cord
What are two types of peripheral nervous system?
ANS and SNS
It transmits information throughout the N.S
Neurons
How many number of neurons do we all have?
140 billions
It receives message from other nerve cells
Dendrites
It transmit impulses to other neurons
Axon
A space between axon and dendrite
Synaptic cleft
It is a biochemical released from axon and transmit impulse to the dendrite receptor
Neurotransmitter
It is passive cell, connect and insulate neurons, and modulate the neurotransmitters activities
Glia or Glial cells
A lower level of this neurotransmitter leads to excessive anxiety
GABA
A lower level of these neurotransmitters lead to depression
Norepinephrine and serotonin
A higher level of this neurotransmitter leads to schizophrenia
Dopamine
It handles most ANS functions like breathing, sleeping and moving in coordinated way
Brainstem
It controls motor coordination, a problem to this leads to ASD
Cerebellum
It is located in the brainstem that coordinates movement of sensory input and contain RAS (reticular activating system)
Midbrain
What is RAS?
Reticular Activating System is for arousal and tension, being awake or sleep
It relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
It is for releasing hormones and regulating body temperature.
Hypothalamus
It is the lowest part of the brain that contains the medulla, pons and cerebellum
Hindbrain
It regulates many automatic activities like breathing, pumping action of the heart (heartbeat) and digestion
Hindbrain
Abnormality in this part of this brain is associated with ASD
Cerebellum
What are two parts that located at the top of brainstem
Thalamus and Hypothalamus
It is at the base of the forebrain that is above the the thalamus at hypothalamus
Limbic system
What is the meaning of limbic? Why it is called limbic system?
It means “border” that means located at the edge of the center of the brain
What are the four parts of the limbic system?
What are their shapes?
(HCSA) Hippocampus - seahorse Cingulate gyrus - girdle Septum - partition Amygdala - almond
What is the purpose of limbic system?
- It regulates our emotional experiences
2. Ability to learn and control our impulses that involved basic drives (hunger, thirst, sex and aggression)
It is at the base of the forebrain that has caudate (tailed) nucleus. The damages on their structures lead to change of posture or twitch or shake
Basal ganglia
It is the largers part of the forebrain that has 80% of neuron in the CNS
Cerebral cortex
This part allows us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create
Cerebral Cortex
What are the two parts of cerebral cortex?
Right and Left Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere vs Right Hemisphere
Left - cognitive and verbal
Right - perceiving around us and creating images
What are the four lobes?
(FPOT) Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
A lobe that is for hearing and for sights, and with long term memory storage
Temporal lobe
A lobe that is for sensation of touch and monitoring body positioning
Parietal lobe
A lobe that is for visual inputs
Occipital lobe
A lobe that is for higher level of functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future and long term memory
Frontal (prefrontal cortex)
What are the two branches of Peripheral Nervous System?
ANS and SNS
A part of PNS which is controls the muscles and voluntary movement, a damage to this part leads to difficulty in speaking
SNS
What are two subgroups of ANS?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What are two primary function of Autonomic Nervous system?
- It regulates the Cardiovascular system and also the endocrine system
What system of the body produces the hormones or chemical messenger directly in the stream in the body?
Endocrine system
A gland the produces the stress hormones that called ____?
Adrenal glands
Epinephrine
A gland that produces thyroxine which facilitates energy metabolism and growth
Thyroid gland
What does thyroid gland produces?
Thyroxine
What does adrenal gland produces?
Epinephrine
A gland that produces sex hormones
Gonadal glands
What does gonadal glands produces?
Estrogen and testosterones
A gland that produces variety of hormones
Pituitary gland
What is psychoneuroendocrinology?
An interdisciplinary which endocrine regulation relates to many psychological disorders
How sympathetic nervous system operates?
It mobilizes when a person is in danger or in stress that causes physiological reactions.
It mediates emergency or alarm
How parasympathetic nervous system operates?
It is to balance the sympathetic NS
It normalizes the arousal and digestive process
It is the master or coordinator of the endocrine system
Pituitary gland
It involves pituitary, hypothalamus and andrenal glands that produces cortisol
HPA axis
What are four glands that produces hormones?
Pituitary, Thyroid, Gonadal, and Adrenal gland
It produces thyroxine gland for balance
Thyroid
It produces sex hormones which are ____.
Gonadal, Testosterone and Estrogen
It is ____ that produces _____ stress hormones
Adrenal, epinephrine or adrenaline
What are the effects when the neurotransmitter changed its production
Agonist
Antagonist
inverse agonist
It increased when mimicking the effects of hormones
agonist
It decreases by blocking the effects of hormones
antagonist
It is the opposite of the effects of the hormones
inverse agonist
The signal was return back to synaptic cleft to the other neuron
reuptake
It is the path or ways in the brain on how the neurotransmitter connected
brain circuits
What are the two types of nuerotransmitter?
Amino acid and monoamines
What are the subgroup of monoamines?
Serotonin, Norepinephrine and Dopamine
What are the subgroup of amino acid?
GABA and Glutamate
A neurotranmiiter that regulates mood, behavior and thought process
Serotonin
A high level of serotonin causes to have ___
anger, excessive sexual behavior
A lower level of serotonin causes to have ___
impulsive, overreact, instability
A type of neurotransmitter that is connected to depression
Serotonin
Other name of serotonin
5HT
Other name of norepinephrine
noradrenaline
There are drugs that causes neurotransmitter to lower the hypertension
beta-blockers
What are the two receptors of norepinephrine?
Alpha adrenegic and army adrenegic
Other name of dopamine
catecholamine
A neurotransmitter associated with schizophrenia, ADHD and addiction
Dopamine
It is associated for outgoing, exploratory and pleasure seeking
dopamine
What is the effect when a high level of minor tranquilizer attach to the GABA molecules?
Reduces anxiety, we become calm
What is a drug used to increase the level of dopamine?
L - Dopa
Deficiency of dopamine leads to _____ disease.
Parkinson’s disease
What is Parkinson’s disease?
It has deterioration of motor activities and tremors
What is the physiological cause of OCD?
Orbital Surface in the frontal - cortex
What is the best treatment for OCD?
CBT or Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
What is the treatment when OCD is severe?
Psychosurgery
What is CBT?
“re-wiring of the brain”
Other name for CBT
Exposure and response prevention
What do you mean when you say the drug is “bottom down”
It means drug effect is going up for the higher (cerebral) cortex
What do you mean when you say the drug is “top down”
The means the drug effect is in the cortex going to emotional brain
Research:
He is known for his study monkey that studies the effects of neurotransmitters and psychosocial factors
Thomas Insel
Research:
He is known for his 2 old cray fish that studies the effects of serotonin that is reversible
Yen et.al
Research:
He is known for his primates that studies the effects of stressful environments causes deficits in serotonin
Suomi
Research:
He is known for his big and small mouse that studies the effects of bullying to their mesolimbic dopamine system
Berton
It is a branch of science that acquires and restore information and able to retrieve it
Cognitive Science
How conditioning occurs?
Cognitive process + Emotional process
Who theorizes the learned helplessness?
Martin Seligman and Steven Maier
What is learned helplessness?
A person think that he has no control anymore to his stressful environment
Movement, breathing and sleeping depend on the ancient part of the brain, which is present in most animals
brain stem
Which neurotransmitter binds to neuron receptors sites inhibiting postsynaptic activity and reducing overall arousal
GABA
Which neurotransmitter is a swithc that turns on various brain circuits
Dopamine
Which neurotransmitter seems to be involved in our emergency reactions or alarm responses
Norepinephrine
This area contains part of the RAS and coordinates movement with sensory inputs
Midbrain
Which neurotransmitter is believed to influence the way we process information, as well as to moderate or inhibit our behavior
Serotonin
More than 80% of the neurons in the human central nervous system contained in this part of the brain, which gives us distinct qualities
Cerebral Cortex
This area is responsible for most of our memory, thinking and reasoning capabilities and makes us social animals
Frontal Lobe
Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:
Karen noticed that everytime Tyron behaved well at lunch, the teacher praised him. Karen decided to behave better to receive praise herself
Modeling learning
Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:
Josj stopped trying to please his father because he never knows whether his father will be proud or outraged
Learned helplessness
Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:
Greg fell into a lake as a baby and almost drowned. Evewn though Greg has no recollection of the event, he hates to be around large bodies of water
Implicit memory
Cognitive and Behavioral Influence:
Juanita was scared to death of the tarantula, even though she knew it wasn’t likely to hurt her
Prepared learning
What we _____ is strongly influence by our environment
fear
The likelihood of you having a particular phobia is powerfully influenced by _______.
Gender
A large number of studies have demonstrated that the greater number of frequency of ______ relationships and ______, the longer you are like to live.
social, contacts
The effect of social and interpersonal factors on the expression of physical and psychological disorders may differ with _____.
age
The principle of ______ is used in developmental psychopathology to indicate that we must consider a number of paths to a given outcome
equifinality
It a way to combat a depressive environment
Learned optimism
What is social learning?
We learned from observation
Who theorizes Social Learning Theory?
Albert Bandura
It is a theory which has selectivce association due to fears and phobias
Prepared learning
What is blindsight or unconscious vision?
It is a phenomenon which a person has no sight he can still perform guided by his pure unconscious awareness
What are two types of memory?
Implicit and explicit memory
What is implicit memory?
A person cannot remember actions from the past
What is explicit memory?
A person can remember actions from the past
What are the methods of studying unconscious?
Black box, stroop - color naming diagram and fMRI
It is unobservable feelings and cognitions inferred from self-report
Black box
A neuropsychological test extensively used to assess the ability to inhibit cognitive interference
stroop color naming diagram
It is a test to see the neural activity in the brain if a person is conscious or not
fMRI
It is a subjective feeling of terror which is the “action tendency”
Emotion
What is the alarm reaction to fear?
Fight and Flight tendency
It is to escape from fear
Flight
It is to fend off to fear
Fight
He studied that fear causes us to have a physiological effects
Walter Cannon
Emotions vs. Mood
Emotions - short period due to external events
Mood - persistent period of affect or emotionality
It is a short period due to external events
Emotions
It is a persistent period of affect or emotionality
Mood
It is the tone of the emotions
Affect
What are the two types of affect?
Positive and negative affect
What are the three components of emotions?
Behavior, Physiological, Cognition
A fright disorder of Latin america which a person is the object of black magic
Susto
It is a term coined by Walter Cannon in 1942 also known as psychogenic death or psychosomatic death, a phenomenon of sudden death as brought about by a strong emotional shock, such as fear.
Voodoo death
A glance believed to have the ability to cause injury or death to those on whom it fall
Evil eye
What is the coping mechanism of girl to stress?
Tend and befriend
It is a serious disturbance in mental abilities that results in confused thinking and reduced awareness of the environment.
Delirium
