CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF ABNORMALITY Flashcards
- What is psychological disorders?
A psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment of functioning that is atypical or not culturally expected
What is the definition of psychological disorders in DSM - 5?
A biological psychological and social dysfunction that are unxpected in their cultural context associated with distress and impairment of functioning.
What is psychopathology?
It is a study of pychological disorders
Counseling psychologists vs. Clinical Psychologist
Counseling psychologist deals with the vocation issues
Clinical psychologists prescribed drugs and treatment. They also deal people with severe psychological disorders
What are the requirements that make you a psychiatrist?
- You have to M.D Degree from Medicine School
2. Take 2 - 4 years of internship
What is scientific- practitioner
It uses scientific approach that applies in clinical work
What are the three categories of studying psychological orders?
- Clinical Description
- Causality (Etiology)
- Treatment and outcome
What are the two functions of clinical description?
- Know the difference of disorder to a normal behavior and other disorders
- Used statistical treatment
What is the difference of prevalence and incidence?
Prevalence ois the total of the people who have the same disorder in the whole population
Incidence - the number of people on a specific period of time or year
What are the courses of disorder? Explain each.
- Chronic course - long time or lifetime
- Episodic course - few months or later time
- Time limited course - short time or can be treated without treament
What are the two onsets of disorder?
- Acute onset - begin early or suddenly
2. Insidious onset - gradually over an extended period of time
What is prognosis?
It is the anticipated course of treatment
It tells about the progress or the future of the treatment
What is the difference of developmental psychology and developmental psychopathology?
Developmental psychology - study of changes in behaviors
Developmental psychopathology - study of changes in abnormal behaviors
What is lifespan developmental psychopathology?
It is a study of abnormal behaviors in an entire lifespan
What is etiology?
It is the study of origin of disorder
Knowing the cause of the abnormal behaviors
Includes behavioral, psychological and social dimensions
What is the cause of abnormal behavior during middle ages?
- Supernatural tradition like movements of the moon, 2. It because of demons and witches
What are the treatment given to the people with abnormality?
- Exorcism
2. Shaving the head with a cross shape and hearing masses
Despair and lethargy are called _____ by church.
Acidea or sloth
What are the treatments given to acedia or sloth?
Sleep, rest and happy environment
Who is the chief adviser of the king of france in the 14th century?
What is the source of bizarre behavior according to him?
Nicolas Oresme.
According to him, the source of sanity is the disease of melancholy or depression.
What is the old name of mass hysteria?
St. Vitus Dance or Tarantism
Who believed that moon has the effect to people to have mental disorders?
Paracelsus
Who is the father of modern western medicine?
Hippocrates
What work of hippocrates suggests that psychological disorder can be treated?
Hippocratic Corpus
Who adopted the ideas of hippocrates that he used to his work?
What is the biggest legacy of Hippocrates and Galen?
Galen
Humoral Theory of Disorders
What are the four bodily fluid?
- Blood
- Black Bile
- Yellow Bile
- Phlegm
The blood comes from ______
heart
Black bile comes from ______
spleen
Yellow bile comes from ______
liver
Phlegm comes from ______
brain
Too much black biles can cause
melancholia
How the humors are related to personality?
Senguine (Blood) is like happiness and optimism
Melancholic (Black bile) is depression
Chloric (Yellow bile) is hot tempered
Phlegmatic (Phlegm) is apathy or sluggishness or calm under pressure
What are the two treatments to enhance humors in the body?
- bloodletting or bleed
2. induced vomiting
What does the book “Anatomy of Melancholy” recommended to treat people with depression?
Robert Burton recommends that eating tabacco and half boiled cabbage can induced vomiting.
What is the counterpart of humors in China and throughout asia?
Air or wind (ying)
Who coined “hysteria”?
Hippocrates
What is the greek word of uterus?
Hysterion which means uterus
What is the modern term of hysteria?
Somatic symptom disorder
Hippocrates believed hysteria only possed with ___ gender?
female, because he believed that it is because of the uterus.
What is the caused of hysteria, according to hippocrates?
It is because of the wandering uterus
What is the treatment of hysteria?
- Marriage
2. Fumigation in vagina to return the uterus in its proper location
What are the two factors of that made Hippocrates - Galen idea was reinvogarated in the 19th century?
- Discovery of the nature and cause for the syphilis
2. The strong support of the ideas of american psychologist, John P. Grey
What are John Grey’s thought to cure people with mental disorders during 19th century?
What is the advantage and disadvantage of his idea?
He believed that mentally ill should be treated as physically ill. They should have a proper ventilation and livable institution
The hospitals are improved and more humane. However, due to high number of people it was not continued in subsequent years.
What is syphilis?
It is a disease caused by a microorganism that they believed is the reason why people have mental disorders
What is delusion grandeur and delusion of persecution?
Delusion of grandeur - feels like a god
Delusion of persecution - people are plotting at you
What is delusion and hallucination?
Delusion are thoughts that are not real
Hallucination are perception or sensation that are not real
In 1852, what disease was designated that is known today as paralysis or paralytic dementia?
General paresis
What year does a germ theory developed?
Who developed it?
1870
Louis Pasteur
What is deinstitutionalization policy?
A policy that patients are released into the communities
What is the disadvantage of deinstitutionalization?
Chronically disabled patients lived in the streets.
What cures syphillis?
Penicillin
In what year does the electric shock and brain surgery was used to patients?
1930s
What drug used to stimulate the appetite in psychotic patients and calm them down?
Insulin
In 1927, who used and give an increased dosage of insulin to the patients?
What happened to the patients after?
Malfred Sakel
The patients lead to comatose
It is a therapy that patients were resulted to convulsions after injecting insulins
Insulin Shock Therapy
During 1750’s, who is the famous scientist that discovered that a modest and mild electric shock to the head produced convulsions and memory loss?
Benjamin Franklin
During 1920’s, who is the hungarian scientist that used induced seizures to treat patients and believed that schizophrenia was rarely found with people who has epilepsy?
Joseph Von Meduna
During 1938, who are the two italian scientist that treated patients with six small shocks directly to their brain?
What do you call to that therapy now?
Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini
ElectroConvulsive Therapy
In 1950s, what are two drugs given to diminished hallucination and delusions to some patients?
Serefina
Neuroleptics
What drug is a major tranquilizer?
Neuroleptics
What drug is a minor tranquilizer?
Benzodiazepines
What two brands know that widely prescribed in the world?
Valum and Librium
Give two example of sedative drugs
Opium
Bromides
What are the good side and bad side effects of neuroleptics?
Good side - Hallucination, delusion and agitation revitalized
Bad side - tremors and hand shaking
What did Grey and colleagues thought about the cause of mental disorder during 19th century?
It revealed that the cause of it was undiscovered brain pathology and it was incurable
What is the available course of action should have done for the patients?
The course of action is that patients should be hospitalized.
Who is the founding father of modern psychiatry and advocates the major ideas of biological tradition?
Emil Kraepelin
What are the two plato’s beliefs in the causes of maladaptive behavior?
- The social and cultural influences
2. Learning from the environment
What are the two aristotle’s beliefs in the causes of maladaptive behavior?
- Influence of social environment
2. Learning psychopathology
What is moral therapy?
A therapy that is more humane for the patients in the institution
Who are the two french psychiatrists that originate the moral therapy?
Philippe Pinel and Jean Baptiste Pussin
Who is the founder of the U.S Psychiatry?
Benjamin Rush
What is the place given for the immigrants especially those mentally ill that started in the US during 16th century?
Asylum
What are the two reasons why the moral therapy was declined?
- The high number of mentally ill
2. A strong reform movement of Dorothea Dix
Who is Dorothea Dix?
He was known for “mental hygienic movement” a reform of the moral therapy
A teacher
A hero in the 19th century
What is the revelation during the 19th century that causes a mental illness?
It revealed that the cause of it was undiscovered brain pathology and it was incurable
What thoughts emerged in the 20th century?
A school of thoughts started by psychoanalysis followed by behaviorism
Who is the father of mesmerism or hypothesis?
Franz Anton Mesmer
What is animal magnetism?
It is undetectable bodily fluid that is block
Who used the techniques of mesmerism with effective number of psychological disorder?
Dr. Jean Martin Charcot
Who was the partner of Sigmund that uses a hypnotic technique?
Josef Breuer
What is the technique used by Breuer to the patients?
He used hypnotic technique.
What are two observations Sigmund and Breuer took from their patients using the hypnotic technique?
- Patients were became emotional when talking about past experiences.
- Patients begin to understand the relationship of their emotional problems and psychological problems.
What is catharsis?
It is emotional material released from the therapy
What is insights?
It is the understanding of the conflicts
Who is the female client with hysteria that Sigmund and Breuer studied?
Anna O
What are the three structures of the mind?
Id, Ego and Supergego
What are the two basic drives? Explain each.
- Libido - sex drive
2. Thanatos - death instinct (less energy)
What is primary process?
It is a thinking style of id.
It is illogical and amoral
What is secondary process?
It is a thinking style of ego.
It is logical and reasoning
What is the thinking style of superego?
conscience
In psychoanalytic, how the psychological disorder developed?
It is develope when one overpower another (id and superego) that ego cannot hold that produces abnormal behavior
What is defense mechanism in psychoanalytic?
When a conflict causes anxiety
What is anxiety in psychoanalytic?
It is the result of conflict
What is denial?
It denies the truth
What is displacement?
Finding less threatening object or person to display the feelings
What is projection?
Projecting your feelings into a object or person even you know it is your fault
What is rationalization?
Thinking something to rationalize your feelings so that it won’t hurt you
What is reaction-formation?
Changing the original reaction because it is unacceptable
What is repression?
Repressing feelings so that it wont bring up to your conscious mind
What is sublimation?
Transforming unacceptable feeling into a more acceptable in the society like art
What are the five psychosexual stages?
Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital
What is fixation?
A person do not receive appropriate gratification of a specific stage during childhood
What stage has early genital stimulation?
Phallic stage
What is the principal source of pleasure during 2 years after birth?
Mouth
What is castration anxiety?
It is a fear of losing pnis
What is oedipus complex?
It is an anger towards your father and incestuous feelings toward mother
What are ways to resolve the oedipus complex?
- A child should developed a relationship towards his father so that it will lead to divert attention to hetero relationship. (Identification of father)
What is electra complex?
It is an anger towards your mother and incestuous feeling towards father
What is penis envy?
It is an envy due to lack of penis or desire to have one
What are ways to resolve electra complex
- A child thinks that she wants to have a baby
2. Gradually realizing that it is impossible to have incestuous relationship to his father
What is neurosis?
It is nonpsychotic disorder
Who is the proponent of ego psychology?
Anna Freud
What is the written book published of Anna Freud?
Tradition and the ego Defense
How abnormal behavior developed according to ego psychology?
It is developed when there is a delay and respond of the defense mechanism
Who is the proponent pf self - formation or self - psychology?
Heinz Kohut
What is object - relations theory?
The object means the caregiver and how ideas and beliefs can be introjected to the person.
What is introjection?
The beliefs and ideas of the object can affect to the person unconsciously.
Why is it introjected object influences the ego or self in determining our roles?
It is because of the great influence towards them. They patterned the ideas of their caregivers.
Example: You want to become a doctor because you know that your parents are doctor.
What are the three ideas formed by jung that is different from Freud?
- Collective unconscious
- Sprititual and religious drives are as much as part of human nature as to sexual drive
- He has personality trait like extraversion and introversion
What are the two ideas formed by Adler that is different from Freud?
- Created inferiority complex
2. The goals towards future are based on past experiences
What is the idea formed by Erikson that is different from Freud?
- The lifespan are understand through 8 specific stages
What is free association?
It is a technique of talking freely
What is dream analysis?
A method of analyzing dreams.
Dreams are based on the primary process that is under the unconscious mind
What is transference and countertransference?
Transference - client attachment to the therapist
Countertransference - therapist attachment to client
What is classical psychoanalysis?
It is a old therapy used by psychoanalyst. The client has to go 4 times a week (2 - 4 years) to undergo therapy.
What are the 7 tactics that characterize psychodynamics therapy?
- focus on emotion of patients
- focus on the resistance of patients
- Identification of pattern in their actions
- emphasis on past experiences
- focus on interpersonal experiences
- emphasis on therapeutic relationship
- Exploration of wishes and dreams or phantasies
Diffentiate the classical therapy and psychodynamic therapy?
The latter is briefer and focused to recover from psychological disorders.
What year neurosis dropped as psychological disorder in DSM? Why
1920
It is unscientific.
What is therapeutic alliance?
It is the relationship of client and therapist
Who believed that “life is full of danger and it is dark”
Sigmund Freud
Who believed that “life is optimistic and happy in nature”
Jung and Adler
What made the humanistic developed?
Through the beliefs of Jung and Adler that we are able to realize our fullest potential or self-actualized.
What is the belief of humanistic?
We understand our self through realizing
Who is Abraham Maslow? What is his theory? What is his hypothesis in the theory?
He is known for his Hierarchy needs. You cannot progress to one stage of hierarchy if you are not able to finish one.
Who is Carl Rogers?
He is the known for Client centered theory or Person-centered theory.
What is UPR?
Unconditional positive regard from the therapist to client. It is the uncoditional love with any conditions.
It is understanding of individuals particularly from the world
Empathy
What is the result of the Person Centered therapy to clients?
They are straightforward and honest with themselves and will access their innate tendencies toward growth
What is the greatest application of Maslow’s therapy and Roger’s therapy?
Maslow - used for people without psychological disorders
Rogers - used for people with severe psychological disorders
It is known as Cognitive- Behavior Model or Social Leaning Model
Behavioral model
Who is known for his classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
What is classical conditioning
It uses neutral stimulus that paired with a response until it elicits the response
What is stimulus generalization?
Strength of similar object used is similar to the reaction of the person
What is conditioned stimulus?
Unlearned response to stimulus
What is conditioned response?
A response that connects with the conditioned stimulus
What is extinction?
A process of removing the response from conditioning
He studied the introspection
Edward Thorndike
He is the founder of Behaviorism
John B. Watson
He was the student of Watson that test Albert and white rat
Rosalie Rayner
He was the student of Watson that test Peter and white rabbit
Mary Cover Jones
Systematic Desensitization is founded by?
Joseph Wolpe
What is systematic desensitization
It is a relaxation technique or behavioral therapy used to treat phobia
Who theorizes that a behavior change as a function of what follows the behavior
B.F Skinner
He published the book “The behavior of organism”
B. F Skinner
Who influenced Skinner to create the operant conditioning?
John B. Watson
He studied the law of effect and introspection
Edward Thorndike
It means that behavior is neither strengthened or weakened depending on the consequences of that behavior
Law of Effect
It is behavior that operates on the environment and changes it some way
Operant Conditioning
Reinforcement is changed to ______.
reward
It is a process of reinforcing successive approximation to a final behavior or set of behavior
Shaping
What year did the DSM published?
1952
What year did the DSM II published?
1968
What year did the DSM III published?
1980
What year did the DSM III - R published?
1987
What year did the DSM IV published?
1994
What year did the DSM IV - TR published?
2000
What year did the DSM 5 published?
2013
