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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2 Human Body In Health & Disease > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Human Body In Health & Disease Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Adip/o

A

Fat

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2
Q

Anter/o

A

Before, front

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3
Q

Caud/o

A

Lower part of body, tail

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4
Q

Cephal/o

A

Head

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5
Q

Cyt/o, -cyte

A

Cell

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6
Q

End-, endo-

A

In, within, inside

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7
Q

Exo-

A

Out of, outside, away from

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8
Q

Hist/o, histi/o

A

Tissue

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9
Q

-ologist

A

Specialist

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10
Q

-ology

A

The science or study of

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11
Q

Path/o, -pathy

A

Disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

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12
Q

Plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

Development, growth, formation

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13
Q

Poster/o

A

Behind, toward the back

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14
Q

-stasis, -static

A

Control, maintenance of a constant level

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15
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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16
Q

anatomy

A

the study of the structures of the body

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17
Q

physiology

A

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

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18
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

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19
Q

midsagittal plane

A

divides the body into equal left and right halves

aka midline

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20
Q

frontal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
aka coronal plane

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21
Q

transverse plane

A

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
can be at waist or any other level across the body

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22
Q

ventral

A

refers to the front or belly side of the organ or body

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23
Q

dorsal

A

refers to the back of the organ or body

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24
Q

anterior

A

situated in the front, on the front or forward part of an organ

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25
Q

posterior

A

situated in the back, back part of an organ

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26
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above, or toward the head

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27
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

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28
Q

cephalic

A

means toward the head

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29
Q

caudal

A

towards the lower part of the body

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30
Q

proximal

A

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

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31
Q

distal

A

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of body structure

32
Q

medial

A

the direction toward, nearer, the midline

33
Q

lateral

A

the direction toward or nearer the side of the body, away from the midline

34
Q

dorsal cavity

A

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions; cranial and spinal

35
Q

ventral cavity

A

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis

36
Q

homeostasis

A

process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

37
Q

inguinal

A

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

38
Q

peritoneum

A

a multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

39
Q

parietal peritoneum (pah-rye-eh-tal)

A

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

40
Q

mesentery

A

fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

41
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

42
Q

retroperitoneal

A

located behind the peritoneum

kidneys is retroperitoneal, one on each side of spinal column

43
Q

cytoplasm

A

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

44
Q

adult stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
aka somatic stem cells

45
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genetic information of an organism

46
Q

chromosomes

A

the genetic structures located within the nucleus of each cell

47
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell in the body except the gametes (sex cells)

48
Q

hemophilia

A

group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

49
Q

phenylketonuria (fen-il-kee-toh-new-ree-ah)

A

genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
aka PKU

50
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A

fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of a fatty substance buildup in tissues and nerve cells in the brain

51
Q

epithelial tissues

A

a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

52
Q

epithelium

A

specialized epithelial tissues that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

53
Q

endothelium

A

specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands and organs

54
Q

dense connective tissue

A

bones, cartilage form the joints and framework of the body

55
Q

loose connective tissue

A

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

56
Q

liquid connective tissue

A

blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body

57
Q

aplasia

A

the defective development or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

58
Q

hypoplasia

A

the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

59
Q

anaplasia

A

change in the structure of the cells and in their orientation to each other

60
Q

dysplasia

A

the abnormal development of growth of cells, tissues, or organs

61
Q

hyperplasia

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

62
Q

hypertrophy

A

general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number of cells in the tissues

63
Q

exocrine glands

A

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

64
Q

endocrine glands

A

produce hormones

65
Q

carcin

A

cancer

66
Q

-oma

A

tumor

67
Q

-trophy

A

development

68
Q

endemic

A

refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group, or area
“common cold”

69
Q

epidemic

A

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
“measles”

70
Q

pandemic

A

refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide
“HIV”

71
Q

functional disorder

A

produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified
“panic attack”

72
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

“radiation burns”

73
Q

idiopathic disorder

A

an illness without known cause

74
Q

organic disorder

A

produces symptoms cause by detectable physical changes in the body
“chickenpox”

75
Q

congenital disorder

A

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

Medical Terminology (12 decks)

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