Chapter 2: History and Social Context of Nursing

Question 1

Came from a wealthy British family; the mother of evidence based practice.

Answer 1

Florence Nightingale

Question 2

Florence Nightingale

Answer 2

Training: Kaiserswerth, Germany and Sisters of Charity, Paris

Crimean War (1854-1856) — hospital set-up in Scutari, Turkey

Data Collection on morbidity and mortality helped reform the British medical system.

1859: Notes on Nursing: what it is and what it is not — a body of nursing knowledge and professional nursing

1860: Established first training school for nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London

** Nurses use to be thought of as prostitutes, thought of as extremely low class.***

Question 3

From Jamaica, was declined by Nightingale when wanting to work with her in the crimean war, this was because of Seacole’s race. She reduced infection spread in soldiers.

Answer 3

Mary Seacole (1805-1881)

Question 4

Jamaican nurse and businesswoman. Votes greatest black Briton.

Did not work with Nightingale during the Crimean War. She was rejected by Nightingale.

Expert on Cholera — managed the care of the soldiers of Crimea.

Answer 4

Mary Seacole

Question 5

1861-1873: The American Civil War

Answer 5

No available professional nurses at the start of the Civil War. People believed that nurses needed to begin formal medical training.
Catholic orders served as nurses.
Call to Duty: Emergence of nurses and nurse leaders.

Question 6

superintendent of women nurses by union army. Trained nurses who were employable postwar. Began to set up a formal system of training.

Answer 6

Dorothea L. Dix

Question 7

former slave, taught soldiers to “read and write.”

Answer 7

Susie King Taylor

Question 8

addressed poor conditions (clean and sanitary)

Answer 8

Mary Ann Bickerdyke

Question 9

established distribution pipelines; founder of the Red Cross.

Answer 9

Clara Barton

Question 10

served as a wound dresser; helped on the war front.

Answer 10

Walk Whitman

Question 11

Making Way for Training Schools:

Answer 11

1869 AMA and US Sanitary Commission recommended large hospitals began training nurses

1873: Nightingale school-modeled trying schools in America; believed we needed nurses in the community.

Feminization of nursing began (Victorian belief)

1893: men were more prominently seen as nurses vs. women, because women were believed to only be house wives and workers.

Question 12

Professionalization and Standardization:

Answer 12

Early 20th century — early efforts at licensure
International council of nursing (INC) resolution: Each country and state to provide for licensure of the nurses. Began the first form of the NCLEX exam.

Question 13

1903-1950

Answer 13

1903: Permissive licensure laws: Nurses did not have to be registered to practice but could not use the title of registered nurse (RN) unless registered.

1923: All states required permissive licensure; each state would do it differently.

1947: New York fully mandated licensure

1950: NLH and first nationwide State Board Test Pool Examination: said that every state had to require nursing students to have to take a nationalized exam (NCLEX).

Question 14

The United States entered WWI and influenza pandemic

National Committee on Nursing

Changed with supplying nurses

Army School of Nursing

Vassar Training Camp for Nurses

What year(s) was this?

Answer 14

1917-1930

Question 15

widespread public education in home care and hygiene (home health, community health)

Answer 15

Red Cross Nursing

Question 16

Congress passed a bill that provided nurses with military ranking.

Answer 16

1920

Question 17

enhanced the practice of public health nursing. Purpose: strengthen PH services and provided medical care for children with disability and blind persons. Strengthened the number of nurse; focused on education, child health, safe birth/labor, virus control, etc.

Answer 17

Social Service Act of 1935

Question 18

put money into building hospitals; hospitals began to be government funded.

Answer 18

1946: Hill-Burton Act

Question 19

1947-1960

Answer 19

19:47: Military nurses were awarded full commissioned officer status in both Army and Navy Nurse Corps; military recognized nurses as officers.
1954: Men allowed in military nurse corps; men were only allowed to be in the nurse corps, they were not allowed to work as a nurse in a hospital.
1960: Era of specialty care and clinical specialization; nurses took action and time to make sure people knew/saw them as a profession. Nurses began to be seen more in hospitals, this became the normal.

Question 20

Medicare and Medicaid: 65+; public health insurance, pay into medicare. Medicaid= disability and low income families, the government who receives it, changes between state and with every election.
Hospital as preferred care (and work) setting. In the past it wasn’t normal to go to the hospital and had trouble paying for the care received.

Answer 20

1965: Social Security Act amended

Question 21

nobody was sure what was causing it; nurses would refuse care for patients

Answer 21

Early 1980s: HIV/AIDS epidemic

Question 22

Dawn of PPE

Answer 22

Universal Precautions

Question 23

needles, IV catheters, gloves (were cleaned and reused before this epidemic) This was the dawn of plastics, everything previously was metal or glass.

Answer 23

Changes in equipment

Question 24

advance directives (most patient centered care became to be normalized; starting with advanced directives)

Answer 24

1980-1990s: medical technology and life support

Question 25

2001-2010

Answer 25

2001: World Trade Center: disaster management with focus on saving as many lives; dust and derby caused lasting lung problems in our first responders (ex: lung cancer)
2005: Hurricane Katrina: provision of care under horrendous conditions; looked at with more of a regional point of view
2006: ANA statement of nursing actions in “unfamiliar and unusual conditions”
2010: Affordable Care Act and incremental implementation; expanded eligibility; can stay on parents insurance until 26 years old. Before this you were kicked off of parent insurance at the age of 18 years old.
Information and medical technologies; mandate that everyone needed medical insurance.