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Science > Chapter 2- Geology > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Geology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of the earth?

A

Geology

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2
Q

What is the outer layer of the earth’s surface called?

A

The crust

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3
Q

What is most of the earth covered with?

A

Organic Material which is sediments

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4
Q

What is the most abundant element in the earths crust?

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

What is the second most abundant element in the crust?

A

Silicon

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6
Q

What’s the name of the region that marks the lower boundary of the crust?

A

The Moho

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7
Q

Beneath the Moho lies which layer of the earth?

A

The mantle

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8
Q

We have the Moho then we have the mantle, what’s below the upper mantle?

A

The transition zone

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9
Q

What’s below the transition zone?

A

The lower mantle

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10
Q

What is the central part of the earth called ?

A

The core

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11
Q

The inner core is a solid core, what do geologists think it’s made of?

A

Nickel and iron

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12
Q

Name the theory where eight large plates float on plastic rock of the mantle

A

The plate tectonics theory

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13
Q

Why do you think that the tectonic plates float?

A

Convection currents moving currents within the mantle how the heat rises and how it sinks then it drops

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14
Q

All the continents were connected to each other into one huge land mass called what?

A

Pangaea

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15
Q

Name the fault that sinks vertically

A

Normal fault

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16
Q

Which fault at when one side of rocks are shoved on top of the rocks on the other side?

A

Thrust fault

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17
Q

How does the strike-slip fault move

A

Horizontally

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18
Q

What’s the difference between a fault and a fold

A

A fault is a break and a fold is a bend

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19
Q

What do we call the folding process when rocks bend downward in a trough like structure

A

A syncline

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20
Q

Name the type of mountain that forms when molten rock erupts from a hole in the earths crust

A

Volcanic mountain

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21
Q

What type of mountains appear to form when molten rock is forced beneath an overlying rock layer

A

a domed mountain

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22
Q

What type of mountain is formed when the edges of two adjacent rock layers are pushed together causing the rocks to buckle

A

Folded mountains

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23
Q

Name the type of mountains that have formed along a fault where the rocks on one Side of the fault are forced upward while the rocks on the other side sink

A

Fault block mountains

24
Q

What is the arch like structure formed when rocks are folded up word

A

Anticlines

25
Q

Name the most active earthquake zone

A

The circum pacific belt

26
Q

Earthquakes that result from sudden movements of rock beneath the earth surface are called what?

A

Tectonic earthquake

27
Q

What percent of earthquakes occur in the circum pacific belt?

A

80%

28
Q

What is seismology

A

The study of earthquakes

29
Q

Name this theory what is the theory that states that rocks on either side of the fault spring back into position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake

A

The elastic rebound theory

30
Q

Name the famous strike slip fault in western California

A

The San Andreas Fault

31
Q

What is the point of which an earthquake begins

A

The focus

32
Q

What do we call the place where the earthquake is most severe

A

The epicenter

33
Q

What is the fastest kind of seismic wave

A

The P-wave

34
Q

Seismologist study the vibrations caused by earthquakes using instrument called the what?

A

Seismograph

35
Q

Small earthquakes often follow a large earthquake at frequent intervals for days months or years

A

Aftershocks

36
Q

Name the most famous scale that measures strength

A

The Richter scale

37
Q

Buildings constructed on bed rock are called what?

A

Fixed base Systems

38
Q

What is the problem with fixed based systems?

A

The buildings become deformed

39
Q

What is the most common new construction where buildings rest on isolators and it absorbs the seismic energy

A

Based Isolated systems

40
Q

What are devices added to structures to absorb some of the seismic energy

A

Energy dissipating devices

41
Q

Name the first type of cone volcano that consists primarily of volcanic ash or rock fragments

A

Cindercone volcano

42
Q

Name a volcano that is made from large quantities of highly fluid lava and rather mild erruption‘s

A

Shield volcano

43
Q

What do we call the source of volcanic irruption’s

A

The magma chamber

44
Q

What is magma

A

Molten rock

45
Q

Name the volcano that produces both cinderss and lava

A

composite volcano or stratovolcanoes

46
Q

What are we call an inactive volcano that could irrupt again

A

Dormant volcanoes

47
Q

A volcano that has erupted within recorded history or is currently producing seismic energy/activity is considered a

A

Active volcano

48
Q

More than half of active volcanoes can be found in this belt in the Pacific basin

A

The ring of fire

49
Q

What do we call lava that hardens into rough jagged rocks with a crumbly or blocky texture

A

aa

50
Q

What do we call lava that hardens into a smooth textured rock with a ropy appearance

A

Pahoehoe

51
Q

What do we call a particle or block of solid volcanic ejecta

A

pyroclasts

52
Q

What do we call superheated cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels down the slope as an avalanche

A

Pyroclastic flow

53
Q

What are huge Bowl shaped craters that occur when a magma chamber empties then collapses

A

calderas

54
Q

What are almond shaped or teardrops shaped pieces of ejecta formed when lava hardens in the air

A

Volcanic bombs

55
Q

What do we call a domed like igneous intrusion formed when magma bulges overlying rocks

A

Laccolith

56
Q

What is a sheet like igneous intrusion formed when magma hardens in a vertical crack

A

Dike

57
Q

Name an underground channel that forms when surface lava hardens before the lava underneath

A

Lava tunnels

Science (4 decks)

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