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Embryology > ^ Chapter 2 - Gametogenesis: Conversion of Germ Cells into Male and Female Gameters > Flashcards

^ Chapter 2 - Gametogenesis: Conversion of Germ Cells into Male and Female Gameters Flashcards

0
Q

Female gamete

A

Oocyte

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1
Q

Male gamete

A

Sperm

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2
Q

Zygote=

A

Sperm + Oocyte

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3
Q

Where are the gameters derived from?

A

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) that are formed in the epiblast during the 2nd week and that move to the wall of the yolk sac

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4
Q

When does the gameters move to the yolk sac toward the developing gonads?

A

During the 4th week

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5
Q

When does the gametes arrive the developing gonads?

A

By the 5th week

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6
Q

Synapsis

A

The process of homologous chromosomes aligning themselves with each other

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7
Q

Can the chromosomes be recognized with light microscope before the cell enters mitosis?

A

Nope

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8
Q

Male germ cells

A

Spermatocyte

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9
Q

Female germ cells

A

Primary oocyte

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10
Q

When does the cross overs happen?

A

Meiosis I

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11
Q

What happens in the cross overs?

A

Interchange of chromatid segments between paired homologous chromosomes

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12
Q

Chiasma

A

X-like structure

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13
Q

How many crossovers?

A

30-40 (1 or 2 per chromosome)

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14
Q

How many daughter cells does the primary oocyte give rise to?

A

4 daughter cells, each with 22 plus 1X chromosome

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15
Q

How many of the oocyte daughter cells develops into a mature gamete?

A

1/4 develops into a mature gamete (secondary oocyte)

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16
Q

How many of the oocyte daughter cells are called polar bodies?

A

3 of the 4 oocyte daughter cells are called polar bodies(first polar bodies?).
They recieve a little cytoplasm and degenerate during subsequent development

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17
Q

How many daughter cells does one spermatocyte give rise to?

A

4 daughter cells:

  • two with 22 plus 1X chromosome
  • two with 22 plus 1Y chromosome
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18
Q

How many of the spermatocyte daughter cells develops into mature gameters?

A

All 4 develop into mature gameter

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19
Q

Oogenesis

A

The process whereby oogonia differentiate into mature oocytes

20
Q

What happens with the PGCs when they arrive the gonad?

A

They differentiate into mature oogonia

21
Q

Follicular cells

A

single, flat, epithelial cells that originate from the surface epithelium covering the ovary

22
Q

Primordial follicle =

A

Primary oocyte + flat epithelial cells

23
Q

Diplotene stage

A

A resting stage during prophase that is characterized by a lacy network of chromatin

24
Q

Oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI)

A
  • Small peptide secreted by follicular cells
  • Produce the diplotene stage
  • Prevents the primary oocyte to finish their meiotic division before puberty
25
Q

Follicular cells secret

A

Oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI)

26
Q

Which stage is the longest?

A

The Vesicular (antral) stage

27
Q

What forms the theca folliculi?

A

The stromal cells

28
Q

Wah secrets the glycoproteins on the surface of oocyte, forming the zona pellucida?

A

Granulos cells and the oocyte secret glycoproteins

29
Q

Theca interna

A

Inner secretory cells

30
Q

Theca externa

A

Outer fibrous capsule

31
Q

What induces the preovulatory growth face?

A
  • Lutenizing hormone (LH)
32
Q

When does the spermatogenesis begin?

A

It begins at puberty

33
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Includes all the events by which spermatogonian are transformed into spermatoza

34
Q

Type B spermatogonia divide to form…

A

Primary spermatocytes

35
Q

What marks the initiation of spermatogenesis?

A

Type A spermatogonia

36
Q

What happens when the follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) binds to the Sertoli cells?

A

They stimulate testicular production and synthesis of intracellular androgen receptor proteins

37
Q

Spermiogenesis, including:

A
  • Formation of the acrosome
  • Condensation of the nucleus
  • Formation of neck, middle piece, and tail
  • Shedding of most of the cytoplasm
38
Q

How many days does the spermatogonium require in order to become a mature spermatozoon?

A

74 days

39
Q

Type B spermatogonia

A
  • Derive from primordial germ cells

- Gives rise to primary spermatocytes

40
Q

What gives rise to secondary spermatocytes?

A

Primary spermatocytes

41
Q

Secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II and forms?

A

Spermatids

42
Q

When does the oogenesis begin?

A

Before birth

43
Q

Trisomies

A

An extra chromosome

44
Q

Monosomies

A

Loss of chromosomes

45
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Homologous chromosomes spearation fails, resulting in one cell recieving too many chromosomes and 1 recieves too few

46
Q

Primordial germ cells differentiate into:

A

When they arrive the gonads they differentiate into gonads

47
Q

Where does the first polar body lie?

A

The first polar body lies between the zona pellucida and the cell membrane of the secondary oocyte in the perivitelline space?

Embryology (9 decks)

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