^ Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling

Question 0

PAX6 transcription factors

Answer 0

• Partisapates in pancreas, eye, and neural tube development

- Contains 3 separate enhancers, each of whoch regulates the gene expression in the appropriate tissue

Question 1

The promotor region where the RNA polymerase binds, usually contains the sequence…

Answer 1

TATA, and this site is called the TATA box

Question 2

Silencers

Answer 2

Enhancers that inhibit transcription

Question 3

SJEKK om det stemmer med det som staar i boka!!!!

Why is nRNA longer than mRNA?

Answer 3

Because nRNA contains introns that are spliced out (removed)(?)

Question 4

Paracrine interactions

Answer 4

Proteins synthesized by one cell diffuse over short distances to interact with other cells

Question 5

Juxtacrine

Answer 5

Do not involve diffusable proteins

Question 6

Paracrine signaling=

Answer 6

Paracrine factors = Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs)

Question 7

Notch receptor protein binds to:

Answer 7

• delta protein
• serrate protein
• jagged protein

Question 8

The milieu consists of large molecules secreted by cells including:

Answer 8

• collagen
• proteoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
• glycoproteins (e.g fibronectin and laminin)

Question 9

What forms scaffolds for cell migration?

Answer 9

fibronectin molecules

Question 10

integrins

Answer 10

receptors that link extracellular molecules such as fibronectin and laminin

Question 11

GDFs

Answer 11

• fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
• WNT
• hedgehog
• transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B)

Question 12

FGF

Answer 12

important for

• angiogenesis
• axon growth
• mesoderm differentiation

Question 13

FGF 8

Answer 13

important for development of the limbs and parts of the brain

Question 14

Tyrosin receptor kinases =

Answer 14

fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs

Question 15

What does the hedgehog gene code for?

Answer 15

It codes for a pattern of bristles on the leg of Drosophila

Question 16

the 3 hedgehog genes:

Answer 16

1. Desert
2. Indian
3. Sonic hedgehog

Question 17

Sonic hedgehog involve in the developmental events including:

Answer 17

• Limb patterning
• Meutral tube induction and patterning
• Somite differentiation
• Gut regionalization

Question 18

Patched

Answer 18

• Receptor for the hedgehog family

- Binds to a protein called Smoothened

Question 19

How many WNT are they?

Answer 19

15

Question 20

Frizzled family

Answer 20

where the receptor of the WNT belongs to

Question 21

WNT

Answer 21

Involved in regulating:

• Limb patterning
• Midbrain development
• Some aspects of somite and urogenital differentiation among other actions

Question 22

TGF-B

Answer 22

• Bone morphogenic proteins
• Activin family
• Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF, anti-Mullerian hormone)

Question 23

BMP

Answer 23

Induces bone formation

Involved in regulating cell division, cell death (apoptosis) and cell migration

Question 24

Neurotransmitter

Answer 24

Serotonin

Norepinephrine

Question 25

Norepinephrine

Answer 25

Appears to play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the interdigital spaces and in other cell types

Question 26

Serotonin (5HT)

Answer 26

Important for establishing laterality, gastrulation, heart development, and other processes during early stages of development