^ Chapter 1 - Introduction to Molecular Regulation and Signaling Flashcards
PAX6 transcription factors
- Partisapates in pancreas, eye, and neural tube development
- Contains 3 separate enhancers, each of whoch regulates the gene expression in the appropriate tissue
The promotor region where the RNA polymerase binds, usually contains the sequence…
TATA, and this site is called the TATA box
Silencers
Enhancers that inhibit transcription
SJEKK om det stemmer med det som staar i boka!!!!
Why is nRNA longer than mRNA?
Because nRNA contains introns that are spliced out (removed)(?)
Paracrine interactions
Proteins synthesized by one cell diffuse over short distances to interact with other cells
Juxtacrine
Do not involve diffusable proteins
Paracrine signaling=
Paracrine factors = Growth and differentiation factors (GDFs)
Notch receptor protein binds to:
- delta protein
- serrate protein
- jagged protein
The milieu consists of large molecules secreted by cells including:
- collagen
- proteoglycans (chondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
- glycoproteins (e.g fibronectin and laminin)
What forms scaffolds for cell migration?
fibronectin molecules
integrins
receptors that link extracellular molecules such as fibronectin and laminin
GDFs
- fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
- WNT
- hedgehog
- transforming growth factor-B (TGF-B)
FGF
important for
- angiogenesis
- axon growth
- mesoderm differentiation
FGF 8
important for development of the limbs and parts of the brain
Tyrosin receptor kinases =
fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs
What does the hedgehog gene code for?
It codes for a pattern of bristles on the leg of Drosophila
the 3 hedgehog genes:
- Desert
- Indian
- Sonic hedgehog
Sonic hedgehog involve in the developmental events including:
- Limb patterning
- Meutral tube induction and patterning
- Somite differentiation
- Gut regionalization
Patched
- Receptor for the hedgehog family
- Binds to a protein called Smoothened
How many WNT are they?
15
Frizzled family
where the receptor of the WNT belongs to
WNT
Involved in regulating:
- Limb patterning
- Midbrain development
- Some aspects of somite and urogenital differentiation among other actions
TGF-B
- Bone morphogenic proteins
- Activin family
- Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF, anti-Mullerian hormone)
BMP
Induces bone formation
Involved in regulating cell division, cell death (apoptosis) and cell migration
Neurotransmitter
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
Appears to play a role in apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the interdigital spaces and in other cell types
Serotonin (5HT)
Important for establishing laterality, gastrulation, heart development, and other processes during early stages of development
