Chapter 2 - Fire Behavior, Systems and Devices, and Fire Prevention Flashcards
Fire
Burning or combustion which is a chemical chain reaction that includes a self-sustaining rapid oxidation of a fuel accompanied by the release of heat and light
heat
energy; can be chemical, mechanical, electrical, or nuclear
fuel
material being burned
exothermic reaction
when heat created by a fire is transferred to other materials and begins heating them
incipient stage
a form of energy transfer, usually heat, generates gas from a fuel source so the fuel is mixable with air
ignition temperature
lowest temperature that will give off gases that can self ignite and sustain burning
spontaneous combustion
a material is able to self heat to point of ignition
ignition point
temperature at which object begins to burn
growth stage
growth of a fire from point of ignition
flashover
transition between growth stage and fully developed stage when all room contents reach their ignition temperatures abs become a fully developed fire
fully developed stage
point at which fire is consuming maximum amount of fuel
smoke
product of incomplete combustion. unburnt material. includes solids liquids gases suspended in the thermal plume
conflagration
large and destructive fire that jumps natural barriers
ventilation limited fire
fire in enclosed building restricted by insufficient oxygen
flash point
minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form ignitable mixture at the surface and flash but insufficient to sustain combustion
flammable liquid
liquid having flash point below 100 degrees F, such as gasoline
combustible liquid
liquid having flash point above 100 degrees F, such as diesel
wet chemicals
class K agents composed of water based solutions containing potassium in combination with other agents, usually found in fixed systems in commercial cooking areas
standard
a rule for measuring or model to be followed, specifies how to do something and with which materials
codified
codes arranged according to a system
model code
a system of rules, guidelines, methods, and regulations developed and accepted through consensus by private not-for-profit organizations with an interest and expertise in that area and made available to governments to formally accept and put into use within their jurisdiction
adoption
formally accepting a code and setting it into action
ordinance
law of an authorized subdivision of a state, such as a country , city, or town
(code) adoption by reference
when legislation states that a certain code and specific edition will be enforced within the jurisdiction
(code) adoption by transcript
means model code is republished as an ordinance and a license must be purchased to do so
mini-maxi code
code adopted as a state code that can not be locally amended
specification code
code that specifies a type of construction or materials used
performance code
assigns an objective to be met and establishes criteria for determining compliance
technical code
regulates technical processes
such as construction installation of electrical , mechanical, and plumbing systems; regulation of hazardous industrial processes; and building electrical, mechanic, plumbing and property maintenance codes
(occupancy) Group A: Assembly
occupancies with large numbers of people such as restaurants, nightclubs, churches, auditoriums, arenas
(occupancy) Group E: Education
occupancies including educational use for kindergarten through 12th grade and daycare for children 2.5 years and older
exit access
point from anywhere in the building to an exit
exit
rated assembly that provides a protected path to the exit discharge
exit discharge
portion of means of egress between exterior exit door and the public way
common fire hazard
conditions prevalent in most occupancies that increase chances of a fire starting
personal fire hazard
common hazard caused by unsafe acts of individuals
target fire hazard
property where there’s great potential for large loss of life or property
special fire hazard
dangerous conditions resulting from a particular process or operation conducted in an occupancy
initiation device
device that senses the presence of heat or smoke, sprinkler activation, or a triggered manual activation and sends a signal to the control panel
fire alarm control panel (FACP)
receives signal from detection device then directs signal to signaling devices
signaling device
indicator that provides audible, tactical, or visible outputs to provide a stimuli to alert occupants
EVACS
emergency voice alarm communications system - communications system that allows different types of signals/alerts to be sent the entire building or select areas
ionization smoke detector
has electrically charged air on sensing chamber, smoke interrupts the electric charge
photoelectric smoke detector
uses lights/lasers and a sensor, smoke interrupts beam between light and laser
NFPA 13
standard for installation of sprinkler systems
NFPA13D
standard for installation of sprinkler systems in one and two family dwellings and manufactured homes
(ESFR) Early Suppression Fast Response sprinkler system
wet system for pallet and rack storage up to 35ft with increased flow densities - up to 5 times as much water
preaction sprinkler system
dry system usually in high value property areas. connected to detection equipment and requires activation of fire detector to activate
deluge sprinkler system
dry system. requires activation of fire detector or manual station, uses open sprinkler heads
residential sprinkler system compared to commercial
uses lower water pressure, smaller system, smaller piping (CPVC or copper), require less heat to activate
fire stages
incipient
growth
fully developed
decay
first known fire code written in ____ (year)
1772 in present day Iraq
number of building occupancy classes
10
the 2 high risk building occupancy classes
Group A (assembly) Group B (education)
some of the most catastrophic fires in history as far as fatalities had compromised ____
means of egress
10 building occupancy classifications
Assembly (A) Business (B) Educational (E) Factory and Industrial (F) High Hazard (H) Institutional (I) Mercantile (M) Residential (R) Storage (S) Utility and Miscellaneous (U)
storage should conclude ___ below the sprinklers
at least 18 inches
pre-action sprinkler system
used in area of high valued property, dry piping, closed sprinkler heads, requires activation of detector to operate
used in areas with potentially fast fire spread, dry piping, all open sprinkler heads that all activate at the same time, deliver up to 5 times as much water as other systems
NFPA __ covers portable fire extinguishers
NFPA 10
NFPA __ covers fire alarm and detection systems
NFPA 72
care should be taken to keep explanations ______
simple
fire is a __________ reaction
exothermic
when winds fan the flames and quicken the spread the fire is known as a
conflagration
the first fire prevention day was in ____(year)
1911
What are the three basic occupancy code types
Specification code
Performance code
Technical code
NFPA ___ addresses occupant safety in buildings with regard to the establishment and maintenance of exits. written in ____ (year)
NFPA 101
1911
Model building and fire codes and NFPA 101 classify buildings into __ general classifications.
10
3 parts to an egress
Exit access
Exit
Exit Discharge
5 Types of occupancy hazards
Fire Hazard Common Fire Hazard Personal Fire Hazard Target Fire Hazard Special Fire Hazard
some pull stations may be;
hollow on the inside and not operate
5 types of sprinkler systems
Wet Pipe Sprinkler System Early Suppression Fast Response (ESFR) Sprinkler System Dry Pipe Sprinkler System Preaction Sprinkler System Deluge Sprinkler System
