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Psyc 271 > Chapter 2 Evolutions, Genetics, Experience > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Evolutions, Genetics, Experience Flashcards

1
Q

True-breeding lines

A

Breeding lines in which interbred members always produce offspring with the same trait, generation after generation.

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2
Q

Zygote

A

The cell formed from the amalgamation of a sperm cell and an ovum.

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Threadlike structures in the cell nucleus that contain the genes; each chromosome is a DNA molecule.

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4
Q

Heritability estimate

A

A numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurred in a particular trait in a particular study and that resulted from the genetic variation among the subjects in that study.

  • Heritability estimates range from zero to one. A heritability close to zero indicates that almost all of the variability in a trait among people is due to environmental factors, with very little influence from genetic differences
  • A heritability close to one indicates that almost all of the variability in a trait comes from genetic differences, with very little contribution from environmental factors.
  • Estimates of heritability use statistical analyses to help to identify the causes of differences between individuals. Example – cancer, smoking
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5
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

The evolution in unrelated species of similar solutions to the same environmental demands.
is the process whereby organisms not closely related (not monophyletic), independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.
ex bat wings and human arm

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6
Q

Enhancers

A

Stretches of DNA that control the rate of expression of target genes.

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7
Q

Homozygous

A

Possessing two identical genes for a particular trait.

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8
Q

Hominini

A

The family of primates that includes at least six genera: Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Sahelanthropus, Orrorin, Pan, and Homo.

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9
Q

Epigenetics

A

The study of all mechanisms of inheritance other than the genetic code and its expression.

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10
Q

Genotype

A

The traits that an organism can pass on to its offspring through its genetic material.

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11
Q

Ethology

A

The study of the behavior of animals in their natural environments.

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12
Q

Nucleotide Bases

A

A class of chemical substances that includes adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine—constituents of DNA.

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Possessing two different genes for a particular trait.

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14
Q

Genetic Recombination

A

The meiotic process by which pairs of chromosomes cross over one another at random points, break apart, and exchange genes.

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15
Q

Evolve

A

To undergo gradual orderly change

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16
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

A neurological disorder whose symptoms are vomiting, seizures, hyperactivity, hyperirritability, intellectual disability, brain damage, and high levels of phenylpyruvic acid in the urine.

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17
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A molecule that is similar to DNA except that it has the nucleotide base uracil and a phosphate and ribose backbone.

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18
Q

Transfer RNA

A

Molecules of RNA that carry amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis; each kind of amino acid is carried by a different kind of transfer RNA molecule.

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19
Q

Sex-linked traits

A

Traits that are influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes.

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20
Q

Amphibians

A

Species that must live in water during their larval phase; adult amphibians can survive on land.

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21
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

Twins that develop from the same zygote and are thus genetically identical.

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22
Q

Proteins

A

Long chains of amino acids.

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23
Q

Autosomal chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that come in matched pairs; in mammals, all of the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes are autosomal.

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24
Q

Polygyny

A

A pattern of mate bonding in which one male bonds with more than one female; the most prevalent pattern of mate bonding in mammals.

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25
Q

Human proteome

A

A map of the entire set of proteins encoded for by human genes.

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26
Q

Ontogeny

A

The development of individuals over their life span.

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27
Q

Exaptation

A

A characteristic that evolved because it performed one function but was later co-opted to perform another.

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28
Q

Transgenerational epigenetics

A

A subfield of epigenetics that examines the transmission of experiences via epigenetic mechanisms across generations.

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29
Q

Amino Acids

A

The building blocks of proteins.

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30
Q

Brain Stem

A

The part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; in general, it regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival (e.g., heart rate and respiration).

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31
Q

Monogamy

A

A pattern of mate bonding in which one male and one female form an enduring bond.

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32
Q

Fitness

A

According to Darwin, the ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation.

33
Q

Analogous

A

Having a similar structure because of convergent evolution (e.g., a bird’s wing and a bee’s wing are analogous).

34
Q

Replication

A

The process by which the DNA molecule duplicates itself.

35
Q

Homologous

A

Having a similar structure because of a common evolutionary origin (e.g., a human’s arm and a bird’s wing are homologous).

36
Q

Dominant Trait

A

The trait of a dichotomous pair that is expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals.

37
Q

Gametes

A

Egg cells and sperm cells.

38
Q

Mutations

A

Accidental alterations in individual genes.

39
Q

Alleles

A

The two genes that control the same trait.

40
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cell division that produces cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

41
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms that is reproductively isolated from other organisms; the members of one species cannot produce fertile offspring by mating with members of other species.

42
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary development of species.

43
Q

Histone Remodeling

A

An epigenetic mechanism wherein histones change their shape and in so doing influence the shape of the adjacent DNA. This can either increase or decrease gene expression.

44
Q

Dichotomous traits

A

Traits that occur in one form or the other, never in combination.

45
Q

Vertebrates

A

Chordates that possess spinal bones.

46
Q

Nature-Nurture Issue

A

The debate about the relative contributions of nature (genes) and nurture (experience) to the behavioral capacities of individuals.

47
Q

Mammals

A

A class of animals whose young are fed from mammary glands.

48
Q

Spandrels

A

Incidental nonadaptive evolutionary by-products of some adaptive characteristic.

49
Q

Natural Selection

A

The idea that those heritable traits that are associated with high rates of survival and reproduction are the most likely to be passed on to future generations.

50
Q

Chordates

A

Animals with dorsal nerve cords.

51
Q

Messenger RNA

A

A strand of RNA that is transcribed from DNA and then moves out of the cell nucleus where it is translated into a protein.

52
Q

Transcription Factors

A

Intracellular proteins that bind to DNA and influence the operation of particular genes.

53
Q

Polyandry

A

A pattern of mate bonding in which one female bonds with more than one male.

54
Q

Histone

A

A protein around which DNA is coiled.

55
Q

Meiosis

A

The process of cell division that produces cells (e.g., egg cells and sperm cells) with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

56
Q

Convolutions

A

Folds on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

57
Q

Primates

A

One of 20 different orders of mammals; there are about a 16 families of primates.

58
Q

Cerebrum

A

The portion of the brain that sits above the brain stem; in general, it plays a role in complex adaptive processes (e.g., learning, perception, and motivation).

59
Q

Asomatognosia

A

A deficiency in the awareness of parts of one’s own body that is typically produced by damage to the right parietal lobe.

60
Q

Phenylpyruvic acid

A

A substance that is found in abnormally high concentrations in the urine of those suffering from phenylketonuria.

61
Q

Gene Expression

A

The production of the protein specified by a particular gene.

62
Q

Zeitgeist

A

The general intellectual climate of a culture.

63
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s observable traits.

64
Q

Instinctive behaviors

A

Behaviors that occur in all like members of a species, even when there seems to have been no opportunity for them to have been learned.

65
Q

Sex Chromosomes

A

The pair of chromosomes that determine an individual’s genetic sex: XX for a female and XY for a male.

66
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

The double-stranded, coiled molecule of genetic material.

67
Q

RNA Editing

A

An epigenetic mechanism wherein messenger RNA is modified through the actions of small RNA molecules and other proteins.

68
Q

Dizygotic twins

A

Twins that develop from two zygotes and thus tend to be as genetically similar as any pair of siblings.

69
Q

Sensorimotor phase

A

The second of the two phases of birdsong development, during which juvenile birds progress from subsongs to adult songs.

70
Q

Gene

A

A unit of inheritance; for example, the section of a chromosome that controls the synthesis of one protein.

71
Q

Human Genome Project

A

The international research effort to construct a detailed map of the human chromosomes.

72
Q

Cartesian dualism

A

The philosophical position of René Descartes, who argued that the universe is composed of two elements: physical matter and the human mind

73
Q

Sensory phase

A

The first of the two phases of birdsong development, during which young birds do not sing but form memories of the adult songs they hear.

74
Q

Ribosomes

A

A structure in the cell’s cytoplasm that translates strands of messenger RNA into proteins.

75
Q

Conspecifics

A

Members of the same species.

76
Q

Sensitive period

A

An interval of time during development when an experience can have a great effect on development if it occurs during that interval, and a weaker effect on development if it occurs outside that interval.

77
Q

Recessive trait

A

The trait of a dichotomous pair that is not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals.

78
Q

Codon

A

A group of three consecutive nucleotide bases on a DNA or messenger RNA strand; each codon specifies the particular amino acid that is to be added to an amino acid chain during protein synthesis.

79
Q

DNA methylation

A

An epigenetic mechanism wherein a methyl group attaches to a DNA molecule, usually at cytosine sites in mammals. DNA methylation can either decrease or increase gene expression.

Psyc 271 (5 decks)

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