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Psyc 271 > Ch 4 Neural Conduction & Synaptic Transmission > Flashcards

Ch 4 Neural Conduction & Synaptic Transmission Flashcards

1
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

Receptors that are associated with ligandactivated ion channels.

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2
Q

Norepinephrine

A

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.

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3
Q

Catecholamines

A

The three monoamine neurotransmitters that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine: dopamine, epinephrine,and norepinephrine.

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4
Q

Opioid Peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those with a structure similar to the active ingredients of opium.

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5
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

Receptors that are associated with signal proteins and G proteins.

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6
Q

Atropine

A

A receptor blocker that exerts an antagonistic effect at muscarinic receptors.

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7
Q

Nondirected Synapses

A

Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter reception are not close together

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8
Q

Anandamide

A

The first endogenous endocannabinoid to be discovered and characterized.

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9
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potentials(EPSPs)

A

Graded post-synaptic depolarizations, which increase the likelihood that an action potential will be generated.

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10
Q

Axon initial segment

A

The segment of the axon where action potentials are generated—located immediately adjacent to the axon hillock.

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11
Q

Directed Synapses

A

Synapses at which the site of neurotransmitter release and the site of neurotransmitter reception are in close proximity.

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12
Q

Neuropeptide Transmitters

A

Peptides that function as neurotransmitters, of which about 100 have been identified; also called neuropeptides.

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13
Q

Spatial Summation

A

The integration of signals that occur at different sites on the neuron’s membrane.

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14
Q

Soluble-gas neurotransmitters

A

A class of unconventional neurotransmitters that includes nitric oxide and carbon monoxide.

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15
Q

Transporters

A

Mechanisms in the membrane of a cell that actively transport ions or molecules across the membrane.

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16
Q

Ligand

A

A molecule that binds to another molecule; neurotransmitters are ligands of their receptors.

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17
Q

Ions

A

Positively or negatively charged particles.

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18
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA)

A

The amino acid neurotransmitter that is synthesized from glutamate; the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system.

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19
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that stimulate or inhibit biochemical reactions without being affected by them.

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20
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process of releasing a neurotransmitter.

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21
Q

Sodium−potassium pumps

A

Active transport mechanisms that pump Na+ ions out of neurons and K+ ions in.

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22
Q

Graded Responses

A

Responses whose magnitude is indicative of the magnitude of the stimuli that induce them.

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23
Q

Autoreceptors

A

A type of metabotropic receptor located on the presynaptic membrane and sensitive to a neuron’s own neurotransmitter.

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24
Q

Aspartate

A

An amino acid neurotransmitter that is a constituent of many of the proteins that we eat.

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25
Q

Reuptake

A

The drawing back into the terminal button of neurotransmitter molecules after their release into the synapse; the more common of the two mechanisms for deactivating a released neurotransmitter.

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26
Q

Glycine

A

An amino acid neurotransmitter that is a constituent of many of the proteins that we eat.

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27
Q

Microelectrode

A

Extremely fine recording electrodes, which are used for intracellular recording.

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28
Q

Amino acid neurotransmitters

A

A class of small-molecule neurotransmitters, which includes the amino acids glutamate and GABA.

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29
Q

Dendritic Spines

A

Tiny nodules of various shapes that are located on the surfaces of many dendrites and are the sites of most excitatory synapses in the mature mammalian brain.

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30
Q

All or none responses

A

Responses that are not graded, that either occur to their full extent or not at all.

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31
Q

Endogenous

A

Naturally occurring in the body (e.g., endogenous opioids).

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32
Q

Dopamine

A

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters; dopaminergic neurons are damaged in Parkinson’s disease and too much of it in schizophrenia people

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33
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

The level of depolarization necessary to generate an action potential, usually about -65 mV.

34
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

A soluble-gas neurotransmitter.

35
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

Small-molecule neurotransmitters that are synthesized from monoamines and comprise two classes: catecholamines and indolamines.

36
Q

G Proteins

A

Proteins that are located inside neurons (and some other cells) and are attached to metabotropic receptors in the cell membrane.

37
Q

Endorphines

A

A class of endogenous opioids.

38
Q

Indolamines

A

The class of monoamine neurotransmitters that are synthesized from tryptophan; serotonin is the only member of this class found in the mammalian nervous system.

39
Q

Epinephrine

A

One of the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.

40
Q

Miscellaneous peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those that don’t fit into the other four classes.

41
Q

Membrane Potential

A

The difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of a cell.

42
Q

Voltage-activated ion channels

A

Ion channels that open and close in response to changes in the level of the membrane potential.

43
Q

Orthodromic conduction

A

Axonal conduction in the normal direction—from the cell body toward the terminal buttons.

44
Q

Acetylcholine

A

A neurotransmitter that is created by the addition of an acetyl group to a choline molecule.

45
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that facilitate the effects of a particular neurotransmitter.

46
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A

The gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit.

47
Q

Antidromic conduction

A

Axonal conduction opposite to the normal direction; conduction from axon terminals back toward the cell body.

48
Q

Antagonists

A

Drugs that inhibit the effects of a particular neurotransmitter.

49
Q

Brain−gut peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; consists of those first discovered in the gut.

50
Q

Receptors

A

Cells that are specialized to receive chemical, mechanical, or radiant signals from the environment; also proteins that contain binding sites for particular neurotransmitters.

51
Q

Receptor Subtypes

A

The different types of receptors to which a particular neurotransmitter can bind.

52
Q

Integration

A

Adding or combining a number of individual signals into one overall signal.

53
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

A brief period (typically 1 to 2 milliseconds) after the initiation of an action potential during which it is impossible to elicit another action potential in the same neuron.

54
Q

Coexistence

A

The presence of more than one neurotransmitter in the same neuron.

55
Q

Enkephalins

A

The first class of endogenous opioids to be discovered.

56
Q

Ion Channels

A

Pores in neural membranes through which specific ions pass.

57
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials(IPSPs)

A

Graded post-synaptic hyperpolarizations, which decrease the likelihood that an action potential will be generated.

58
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

The gaps between adjacent myelin segments on anaxon.

59
Q

Action Potential

A

A massive momentary reversal of a neuron’s membrane potential from about –70 mV to about +50 mV.

60
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

Small spherical membranes that store neurotransmitter molecules and release them into the synaptic cleft.

61
Q

Enzymatic Degradation

A

The breakdown of chemicals by enzymes—one of the two mechanisms for deactivating released neurotransmitters

62
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

To increase the resting membrane potential.

63
Q

Temporal Summation

A

The integration of neural signals that occur at different times at the same synapse.

64
Q

Axon Hillock

A

The conical structure at the junction between the axon and cell body.

65
Q

Depolarize

A

To decrease the resting membrane potential.

66
Q

Pituitary peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those first identified as hormones released by the pituitary.

67
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

The enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

68
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Conduction of an action potential from one node of Ranvier to the next along a myelinated axon.

69
Q

Serotonin

A

An indolamine neurotransmitter; the only member of this class of monoamine neurotransmitters found in the mammalian nervous system.

70
Q

Resting Potential

A

The steady membrane potential of a neuron at rest, usually about -70 mV.

71
Q

Glutamate

A

The brain’s most prevalent excitatory neurotransmitter, whose excessive release causes much of the brain damage resulting from cerebral ischemia.

72
Q

Second messenger

A

A chemical synthesized in a neuron in response to the binding of a neurotransmitter to a metabotropic receptor in its cell membrane.

73
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Narrow spaces between adjacent neurons that are bridged by fine tubular channels containing cytoplasm, through which electrical signals and small molecules can pass readily.

74
Q

Relative refractory period

A

A period after the absolute refractory period during which a higher-than-normal amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire.

75
Q

Carbon Monoxide

A

A soluble-gas neurotransmitter.

76
Q

Receptor Blockers

A

Antagonistic drugs that bind to postsynaptic receptors without activating them and block the access of the usual neurotransmitter.

77
Q

Endocannabinoids

A

A class of unconventional neurotransmitters that are chemically similar to the active components of marijuana.

78
Q

Hypothalamic peptides

A

One of the five classes of neuropeptide transmitters; it consists of those first identified as hormones released by the hypothalamus.

79
Q

Neuropeptides

A

Short amino acid chains comprising between 3 and 36 amino acids.

80
Q

Golgi complex

A

Structures in the cell bodies and terminal buttons of neurons that package neurotransmitters and other molecules in vesicles.

Psyc 271 (5 decks)

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