Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyc 271 > Ch 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Ch 3 Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Columnar Organization

A

The functional organization of the neocortex in vertical columns; the cells in each column form a mini-circuit that performs a single function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Metencephalon

A

One of the five major divisions of the brain; it includes the pons and cerebellum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Meninges

A

The three protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord (singular meninx).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

The 12 pairs of nerves extending from the brain (e.g., the optic nerves, the olfactory nerves, and the vagus nerves).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Fissures

A

The large furrows in a convoluted cortex. Which partially divide the brain into 4 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Caudate

A

The tail-like structure that is part of the striatum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the central nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

A neuron with more than two processes extending from its cell body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Superior Temporal Gyri

A

The plural of superior temporal gyrus. Sitting in the temporal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

The midbrain nucleus whose neurons project via the nigrostriatal pathway to the striatum of the basal ganglia; it is part of the mesotelencephalic dopamine system. Parkinson’s disease, a disorder characterized by rigidity, tremors, and poverty of voluntary movement, is associated with the deterioration of this pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Medial

A

Toward the midline of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Distal

A

Far from something, far from the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Horizontal Sections

A

Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the top of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diencephalon

A

One of the five major divisions of the brain; it is composed of the thalamus and hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

One of the four cerebral lobes; it is located just posterior to the central fissure. postcentral gyrus analyzes sensations from the body (e.g., touch), whereas the remaining areas of cortex in the posterior parts of the parietal lobes play roles in perceiving the location of both objects and our own bodies and in directing our attention. touch taste and temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cross Section

A

Section cut at a right angle to any long, narrow structure of the CNS. such as the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Parasympathetic nerves

A

Those autonomic motor nerves that project from the brain to the sacral region of the spinal cord. neurons that project from the CNS synapse near their target organs on very short second-stage neurons and conserve energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Microglia

A

Glial cells that respond to injury or disease by engulfing cellular debris and triggering inflammatory responses.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Corpus callosum

A

The largest cerebral commissure. connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Posterior

A

Toward the tail end of a vertebrate or toward the back of the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The most anterior of the four cerebral lobes. has two distinct functional areas: The precentral gyrus and adjacent frontal cortex have a motor function, whereas the frontal cortex anterior to motor cortex performs complex cognitive functions, such as planning response sequences, evaluating the outcomes of potential patterns of behavior, and assessing the significance of the behavior of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Gyri

A

The cortical ridges that are located between fissures or sulci. Bumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Amygdala

A

A structure in the anterior temporal lobe, just anterior to the hippocampus; plays a role in emotion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

The mechanism that impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Brain Stem

A

The part of the brain on which the cerebral hemispheres rest; in general, it regulates reflex activities that are critical for survival (e.g., heart rate and respiration).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

The most posterior of the four cerebral lobes; its function is primarily visual.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Astrocytes

A

Large, star-shaped glial cells that play multiple roles in the CNS. to exchange chemical signals with neurons and other astrocytes, to control the establishment and maintenance of synapses between neurons, to modulate neural activity, to form functional networks with neurons and other astrocytes, to control the blood–brain barrier, and to respond to brain injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the surface of the back of a vertebrate or toward the top of the head.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

The networks of capillaries that protrude into the ventricles from the pia mater and produce cerebrospinal fluid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hippocampus

A

A structure of the medial temporal lobes that plays a role in various forms of memory.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Stellate Cells

A

Small star-shaped cortical interneurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

The fluid that fills the subarachnoid space, the central canal, and the cerebral ventricles. primary function of CSF is to cushion the brain within the skull and serve as a shock absorber for the central nervous system, CSF also circulates nutrients and chemicals filtered from the blood and removes waste products from the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cerebral commissures

A

largest cerebral commissure, the corpus callosum, Cerebral commissures

Tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The diencephalic structure that sits just below the anterior portion of the thalamus. is involved in a variety of motivated behaviors such as eating, sleep, and sexual behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in the peripheral nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Pituitary gland

A

The gland that dangles from, and is controlled by, the hypothalamus. pituitary gland is called the ‘master gland’ as the hormones it produces control so many different processes in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Contralateral

A

Projecting from one side of the body to the other.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Sagittal sections

A

Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the side of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Tectum

A

The “roof,” or dorsal surface, of the mesencephalon; it includes the superior and inferior colliculi.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Glial cells

A

Several classes of nonneural cells of the nervous system.

They maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and provide support and protection for neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Neurons

A

Cells of the nervous system that are specialized for the reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Ventral posterior nucleus

A

A thalamic relay nucleus in both the somatosensory and gustatory systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Pyramidal Cells

A

Large multipolar cortical neurons with a pyramid-shaped cell body, an apical dendrite, and a very long axon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Interneurons

A

Neurons with short axons or no axons at all, whose function is to integrate neural activity within a single brain structure, not to conduct signals from one structure to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Dorsal root ganglia

A

Structures just outside the spinal cord that are composed of the cell bodies of dorsal root axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Nuclei

A

The DNA-containing structures of cells; also, clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system (singular nucleus).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Septum

A

A midline nucleus of the limbic system, located near the anterior tip of the cingulate cortex.

49
Q

Tegmentum

A

The ventral division of the mesencephalon; it includes part of the reticular system, substantia nigra, and red nucleus.

50
Q

Nissl Stain

A

A neural stain that has an affinity for structures in neuron cell bodies. Cresyl violet and other Nissl dyes penetrate all cells on a slide, but they bind effectively only to structures in neuron cell bodies. Thus, they often are used to estimate the number of cell bodies in an area, by counting the number of Nissl-stained dots.

51
Q

Arachnoid membrane

A

The meninx that is located between the dura mater and the pia mater and has the appearance of a gauzelike spiderweb.

52
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

The layer of neural tissue covering the cerebral hemispheres of humans and other mammals.

53
Q

Cerebellum

A

A metencephalic structure that is thought to participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills.

54
Q

Neocortex

A

Six-layered cerebral cortex of relatively recent evolution; it constitutes 90 percent of human cerebral cortex.

55
Q

Dorsal horns

A

The two dorsal arms of the spinal gray matter.

56
Q

Sulci

A

Small furrows in a convoluted cortex

57
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

The structures of the tectum that receive auditory input from the superior olives.

58
Q

Decussate

A

To cross over to the other side of the brain.

59
Q

Cingulate gyri

A

Large gyri located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes, just superior to the corpus callosum.

60
Q

Postcentral gyrus

A

The gyrus located just posterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily somatosensory.

61
Q

Central fissure

A

The large fissure that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

62
Q

Superior colliculi

A

Two of the four nuclei that compose the tectum; they receive major visual input.

63
Q

Electron microscopy

A

A microscopy technique used to study the fine details of cellular structure.

64
Q

Lateral geniculate nuclei

A

The six-layered thalamic structures that receive input from the retinas and transmit their output to the primary visual cortex.

65
Q

Efferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry motor signals from the central nervous system to the skeletal muscles or internal organs.

66
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that interacts with the external environment.

67
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the midline of the body of a vertebrate, toward the body’s lateral surfaces.

68
Q

Cingulate cortex

A

The cortex of the cingulate gyri, which are located on the medial surfaces of the frontal lobes.

69
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system outside the skull and spine.

70
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

The part of the peripheral nervous system that participates in the regulation of the body’s internal environment.

71
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

the large fissure that separates the two cerebral hemispheres.

72
Q

striatum

A

A structure of the basal ganglia that is the terminal of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway.

73
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

A collection of subcortical nuclei (e.g., striatum and globus pallidus). responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions.

74
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top of the primate head.

75
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

The space beneath the arachnoid membrane, which contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid.

76
Q

Pons

A

The metencephalic structure that creates a bulge on the ventral surface of the brain stem. regulation of functions carried out by the cranial nerves it houses, works together with the medulla oblongata to serve an especially critical role in generating the respiratory rhythm of breathing.

77
Q

Reticular formation

A

A complex network of about 100 tiny nuclei that occupies the central core of the brain stem. involved in a variety of functions—including sleep, attention, movement, the maintenance of muscle tone, and various cardiac, circulatory, and respiratory reflexes.

78
Q

Proximal

A

Close to something.

79
Q

Golgi stain

A

A neural stain that completely darkens a few of the neurons in each slice of tissue, thereby revealing their silhouettes.

80
Q

Ganglia

A

Clusters of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (singular ganglion).

81
Q

Myelencephalon

A

The most posterior of the five major divisions of the brain; the medulla.

82
Q

Pia Mater

A

The delicate, innermost meninx.

83
Q

Massa intermedia

A

The neural structure located in the third ventricle that connects the two lobes of the thalamus.

84
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the chest surface of a vertebrate or toward the bottom of the head.

85
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The portion of the nervous system within the skull and spine.

86
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells that myelinate axons of the central nervous system; also known as oligodendroglia. wrap around the axons of some neurons of the central nervous system. These extensions are rich in myelin, a fatty insulating substance, and the myelin sheaths they form increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

87
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

A neuron with one process extending from its cell body.

88
Q

Myelin sheaths

A

Coverings on the axons of some neurons that are rich in myelin and increase the speed and efficiency of axonal conduction.

89
Q

Limbic system

A

A collection of interconnected nuclei and tracts that ring the thalamus. is involved in the regulation of motivated behaviors—including the four F’s of motivation: fleeing, feeding, fighting, and sexual behavior.

90
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry sensory signals to the central nervous system.

91
Q

Lateral fissure

A

The large fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal lobe.

92
Q

Globus pallidus

A

A sructure of the basal ganglia that is located between the putamen and thalamus.

93
Q

Telencephalon

A

The most superior of the brain’s five major divisions. mediates the brain’s most complex functions. It initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, and mediates complex cognitive processes such as learning, speaking, and problem solving.

94
Q

Inferior

A

Toward the bottom of the primate head or brain.

95
Q

Red nucleus

A

A structure of the sensorimotor system that is located in the tegmentum of the mesencephalon.

96
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

A neuron with two processes extending from its cell body.

97
Q

Thalamus

A

The large two-lobed diencephalic structure that constitutes the anterior end of the brain stem; many of its nuclei are sensory relay nuclei that project to the cortex.
relaying sensory and motor signals, as well as regulation of consciousness and alertness.

98
Q

Fornix

A

The major tract of the limbic system; it connects the hippocampus with the septum and mammillary bodies.

99
Q

Mesencephalon

A

One of the five major divisions of the brain; it is composed of the tectum and tegmentum.

100
Q

Dura mater

A

The tough outer meninx.

101
Q

Schwann cells

A

The glial cells that compose the myelin sheaths of PNS axons and promote the regeneration of PNS axons.

102
Q

Medial geniculate nuclei

A

The auditory thalamic nuclei that receive input from the inferior colliculi and project to primary auditory cortex.

103
Q

Mammillary bodies

A

The pair of spherical nuclei that are located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus.

104
Q

Central Canal

A

The small CSF-filled channel that runs the length of the spinal cord.

105
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A

A narrow channel that connects the third and fourth ventricles.

106
Q

Optic chiasm

A

The X-shaped structure on the inferior surface of the diencephalon; the point where the optic nerves decussate.

107
Q

Anterior

A

Toward the nose end of a vertebrate.

108
Q

Cerebral ventricles

A

The four CSF-filled internal chambers of the brain: the two lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.

109
Q

White Matter

A

Portions of the nervous system that are white because they are composed largely of myelinated axons.

110
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

Those motor nerves of the autonomic nervous system that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic region areas of the spinal cord. stimulate, organize, and mobilize energy resources in threatening situations,project from the CNS synapse on second-stage neurons at a substantial distance from their target organs

111
Q

temporal lobe

A

One of the four major cerebral lobes; it lies adjacent to the temples and contains the hippocampus and amygdala.
is related to the perception of auditory, taste, olfactory sensations, analysis and synthesis of speech sounds, memory mechanisms.

112
Q

ventral horns

A

The two ventral arms of the spinal gray matter.

113
Q

Frontal section

A

Any slices of brain tissue cut in a plane that is parallel to the face; also termed coronal sections.

114
Q

Putamen

A

A structure that is joined to the caudate by a series of fiber bridges; together the putamen and caudate compose the striatum.

115
Q

Precentral gyrus

A

The gyrus located just anterior to the central fissure; its function is primarily motor.

116
Q

Myelin

A

A fatty insulating substance.

117
Q

Periaqueductal gray (PAG)

A

The gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct, which contains opiate receptors and activates a descending analgesia circuit. one of the structures of the tegmentum

118
Q

Sensory relay nuclei

A

Those nuclei of the thalamus whose main function is to relay sensory signals to the appropriate areas of cortex.

119
Q

Gray Matter

A

Portions of the nervous system that are gray because they are composed largely of cell bodies and unmyelinated interneurons.

Psyc 271 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions