Chapter 2 - Environ. Analysis & Project Planning Flashcards
Creating Civic Spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streets, which became known as_______…..founder Austrian Architect and City Planner, Camillo Sitte
TURBINE SQUARE
city plan post Industrial Revolution, reform movement by TONY GARNIER 1917 - was_____included separate zones for residential, public, industrial, and agricultural use, linked by separated circulaiton paths for vehicles and pedestrians. Garnier’s plan was one of the first to emphasize the idea of ZONING
cite industrielle
The________was encouraged by the Ordinance of 1785, which established the rectangular survey system of the United States. This system divided the country into a grid of 24m squares, each subdivided into 16 townships, each 6 mi on a side. These were further subdivided into 36 1 mi^2 sections.
Grid System
planning concept work at the building neighborhood, district and regional levels in dew developments as well as urban and suburban infill projects.
New Urbanism
An extension of the idea that entirely new communities can be built away from the crowding and ugliness o exisiting cities
New Town
The quality of a physical environment that gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in the mind of a given observer ex. the hills of San Francisco
Imageability
a way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move. A path may be a river street, pedestrian walkway, railroad, transit line, or rive.
PATH
- The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch
are linear elements other than paths that form boundaries between two districts or that break continuity. ex may be a shoreline, a line of buildings against a park, a wall
EDGES
The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch
are two dimensional areas that people perceive as having some common, identifying character and that they can enter.
DISTRICTS
The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch
are strategic centers of interest that people can enter. May be the intersections of paths, places where modes of transporation change, plaza, public squares, or center of districts.
NODES
The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch
similar to nodes in that they are point reference, but people cannot enter them. They are viewed from the exterior. A tower, monument, building or natural feature can be a landmark.
LANDMARKS
The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch
With this approach, each large parcel of land can have a mix of uses: residential, commercial, recreational, and open space designed with variable lot sizes and densities. Refers to new development.
PUD, (Planned Unit Development)
Refers to the number of people per unit of area. Refers to only a ratio.
Density
tend to bring people together
Sociopetal
discourages interaction or social contact
Sociofugal
claim to a personal territory, fundamental part of animal behavior (humans included)
Teritoriality
Intimate distance
6in to 18 in
personal distance
1 1/2’ to 2 1/2’ ft
social distance
4 to 12’ ft
public distance
12’ ft outward
a diverse and stimulating environment
Diversity
described a range of design elements that used the basic concepts of surveillance, territoriality, and real and symbolic barriers to reduce crime.
Defensible Space
Nearly all land development is dependent on or affected by some surrounding base of population within a geographical region.
Catchment Area
can be defined as a relatively small area in which a number of people live who share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities, and other aspects of day-today living.
Neighborhood
graphic way to show the elevations of the land in a plan view and are used to make a slope analysis to determine the suitability of the land for various uses
Contour Lines
the fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground
Runoff Coefficient
Below all of the upper soil layers
Bedrock
Particles over 2mm in diameter
Gravel
Particles from 0.05mm to 2 mm in diameter, the finest grains just visible to the eye
Sands
Particles from 0.002mm to 0.05mm in diameter, the grains are visible but can be felt as smooth
Silt
Particles under .002mm in diameter, smooth and floury when dry, plastic and sticky when wet
Clay
have the lowest capacity and provide direct access to building sites.
Local Streets
connect local streets and arterial streets. They, of course, have a higher capacity than local streets but are usually not intended for through traffic.
Collector Streets
are intended as major, continuous circulation routes that carry large amounts of traffic on tow or three lanes.
Arterial Streets
are limited access roads designed to move large volumes of traffic between, through, and around population centers.
Expressways
roads laid out in the horizontal direction
Horizontal Alignment
roads laid out in the vertical direction
Vertical Alignment
Straight sections of roads
Tangents
refers to the overall climate of the region and is reflected in the weather data available from the National Weather Service
Macroclimate
refers to the site-specific modification of the macroclimate by such features as land slope, trees and other vegetation, bodies of water, and buildings.
Microclimate
of a hill (the side away from the wind direction) experiences less wind than the Windward Side
Leeward Side
Leeward Side - of a hill (the side away from the wind direction) experiences less wind than the ____________?.
Windward Side
The fraction of the radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected, and is expressed as a number from zero to 1.0. ex A flat black surface that absorbs all the energy and reflects none has an albedo of zero, whereas an albedo of 1.0 corresponds to a mirror that reflects all the energy striking it.
Albedo
is the time rate of flow of heat through a material. Highly Conductive materials let heat pass through them quickly, whereas materials of low conductivity retard the passage of heat. Natural Materials generally have low conductivity, and metal, concrete, and masonry have relatively high conductivities.
Conductivity
the study of living organisms in relation to their environment.
Ecology
are areas that are inundated or staturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.
Wetlands (jurisdictional wetlands)
is a shallow grass-lined ditch or channel designed to detain storm runoff and remove sediments and other contaminants while allowing the water to seep into the ground.
Biowale
is a closed depression in the earth from which water can escape only into the soil
Infiltration basin
which is an area that temporarily contains excessive runoff until it can flow at a controlled rate into the storm sewer system
Catch Basin
is the division of a city or other governmental unit into districts, and the regulation of the use of land and the location and bulk of buildings on property within those districts. Its legal basis is largely founded on the right of the state to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public. Municipalities receive the power to zone through the states with enabling legislation.
__________? primarily regulates
- the uses allowed on a parcel of land depending on the zoning district
-the area of the land that may be covered with buildings
-the bulk of the structures
-the distances of the buildings must be set back from the property lines
-parking and loading space requirements
Zoning
is the ratio of the gross floor area within a structure to the area of the lot on which the structure is situated.
Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
is the minimum distance a building must be placed form a property line
Setback
the distance from the property line facing the street or the primary front of the property is known
Front Setback
The distance from the back of the lot
Rear Setback
The distance form the side property line
Side Setback
is a deviation from the zoning regulations
Variance
is the right of one party to use a portion of the land of another party in a particular way.
Easement
Allows a utility company to install and maintain lines above or below the ground within the boundaries of the easement.
Utility Easement
which allows the public and the owner of the inaccessible land the right to cross
Access Easement
for the construction of common party walls between properties
Support Easement
allow two or more property owners to share a common feature such as a driveway
Joint Use Easements
protect views and development in scenic areas
Scenic Easements
limit land use in large areas.
Conservation Easements
is the legal right of one party or the public to traverse land belonging to another.
Right-Of-Way
Deeds(legal rights) to property can contain provisions that restrict the use of the property by the buyer. These are called ______ _______ are are legal and enforceable if they are reasonable and in the public interest.
Restrictive Covenants (agreements)
First approach at evaluating land —-The surrounding neighborhood or region is investigated to find properties that have recently sold or are on the market that are similar to the property being valued. Land is commonly assigned a value per sq foot or per acre, and buildings are often valued at a cost per square foot. The assumed value of another property can then be determined simply by multiplying the current market value per square foot times the area of the property being evaluated.
Market Approach
2nd method/approach of evaluating land- –the basis is the potential the property has to yield a profit (income).
Income Approach
Third Approach for Value of land _____With this method, the value of the land is estimated at its highest and best value. Then the cost to replace the building or add improvements is calculated. The estimated accrued depreciation is figured and subtracted from the replacement cost or cost of the improvements. This adjusted amount is then added to the land value to give the total value of the property.
Cost Approach
______is used to evaluate the economic performance of a material or building system over the service life of the material or system.
Life-Cycle Cost analysis (LCC)
The _____ of a material evaluates the environmental impacts from initial raw material extraction to final recycling, reuse, or disposal.
Life-Cycle Assessment analysis (LCA)
is any tax imposed for general governmental purposes
General Tax
a tax based on the value of property being taxed.
Ad Valorem Tax (Property Taxes)
is any tax imposed for a specific purpose or by a single purpose authority.
Special Tax
are issued by a city or state and backed by general tax revenue and the issuer’s credit. They are used to finance the acquisition or construction of specific public capital facilities and to purchase real property.
Examples of projects funded with ______ ______ bonds include schools, museums, and libraries.
General Obligation Bonds
are similar to general obligation bonds in that a local government issues them to pay for a facility or improvement. These bonds, are backed by the revenue, or rates, from customers using the services that the bond funding paid for. ex city water and sewer facilities often use this method
Revenue Bonds (Rate-Supported Bonds)
issued by cities or counties to finance facilities for revenue-producing public enterprises. EX Airports,parking garages, and hospitals
Public Enterprise Revenue Bonds
to pay for improvements based on increased taxes due to the increased value of property
Tax-Increment Financing
are costs charged to developers for off-site infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development.
Development Impact Fees
require developers either dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities made necessary by local governments.
Subdivision Exactions
these fees are used to fund public space improvement, like parks and streetscapes, in order to enhance areas appeal and indirectly, its property values.
Special District Assessment (aka Business Improvement Districts - BID’s - Benefit Assessments
this process uses a laser-based instrument with an onboard computer to measure the distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle of the instruments laser beam to a reflective prism target. These instruments are accurate to +-1/64” in at 1600.
Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM)
This device used in this process does not require the use of a prism reflector, but instead relies on the return signal bounced from the object being measured. The accuracy is less precise +-1/8” in at 100ft.
Reflectorless Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (REDM)
uses large-format, film-based view cameras (the type typically used for high-quality architectural photography) to photograph facades.
Dimensions can be scaled off of the image.
The Photograph provides an accurate image of the building
Rectified Photography
is similar to rectified photography except that it relies on digital photography and correction of optical distortion through computer software.
Orthophotography
is the surveying of objects or spaces through the use of photography and associated software.
Photogrammetry
uses two overlapping photographs in a computer program to produce a digital stereo image.
Stereophotogrammetry
uses multiple, oblique photographic images of an object taken at different angles. Measurements and three-dimensional models are derived by using software that traces the multiple overlapping photographs taken from the different angles. It has an accuracy of about +-0.05%
Convergent Photogrammetry
uses medium-range pulsing laser beams, which systematically sweep over an object or space to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of points on the surface of the object or space being scanned. The resulting image is a “point cloud” forming a three dimensional image. From this image, plans, elevations, sections, and three-dimensional models are developed by computer software. Laser scanning has an accuracy ranging from +-0.05% to +-0.01% or better.
Laser Scanning
1st Treatment ____attempts to retain all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance, and repair. It reflects the building’s continuum over time and the respectful changes and alterations that are made.
Preservation
2nd Treatment____emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but gives more latitude to replacement because it assumes the property is more deteriorated prior to work
Rehabilitation
3rd Treatment ____focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant time in a property’s history, while permitting the removal of materials from other periods.
Restoration
4th Treatment - is the least historically accurate and allows the opportunity to re-create a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in new materials
Reconstruction
