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PPP - Ballast > Chapter 2 - Environ. Analysis & Project Planning > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Environ. Analysis & Project Planning Flashcards

1
Q

Creating Civic Spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streets, which became known as_______…..founder Austrian Architect and City Planner, Camillo Sitte

A

TURBINE SQUARE

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2
Q

city plan post Industrial Revolution, reform movement by TONY GARNIER 1917 - was_____included separate zones for residential, public, industrial, and agricultural use, linked by separated circulaiton paths for vehicles and pedestrians. Garnier’s plan was one of the first to emphasize the idea of ZONING

A

cite industrielle

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3
Q

The________was encouraged by the Ordinance of 1785, which established the rectangular survey system of the United States. This system divided the country into a grid of 24m squares, each subdivided into 16 townships, each 6 mi on a side. These were further subdivided into 36 1 mi^2 sections.

A

Grid System

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4
Q

planning concept work at the building neighborhood, district and regional levels in dew developments as well as urban and suburban infill projects.

A

New Urbanism

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5
Q

An extension of the idea that entirely new communities can be built away from the crowding and ugliness o exisiting cities

A

New Town

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6
Q

The quality of a physical environment that gives it a high probability of evoking a strong image in the mind of a given observer ex. the hills of San Francisco

A

Imageability

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7
Q

a way of circulation along which people customarily, occasionally, or potentially move. A path may be a river street, pedestrian walkway, railroad, transit line, or rive.

A

PATH

  • The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch
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8
Q

are linear elements other than paths that form boundaries between two districts or that break continuity. ex may be a shoreline, a line of buildings against a park, a wall

A

EDGES

The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch

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9
Q

are two dimensional areas that people perceive as having some common, identifying character and that they can enter.

A

DISTRICTS

The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch

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10
Q

are strategic centers of interest that people can enter. May be the intersections of paths, places where modes of transporation change, plaza, public squares, or center of districts.

A

NODES

The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch

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11
Q

similar to nodes in that they are point reference, but people cannot enter them. They are viewed from the exterior. A tower, monument, building or natural feature can be a landmark.

A

LANDMARKS

The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch

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12
Q

With this approach, each large parcel of land can have a mix of uses: residential, commercial, recreational, and open space designed with variable lot sizes and densities. Refers to new development.

A

PUD, (Planned Unit Development)

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13
Q

Refers to the number of people per unit of area. Refers to only a ratio.

A

Density

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14
Q

tend to bring people together

A

Sociopetal

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15
Q

discourages interaction or social contact

A

Sociofugal

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16
Q

claim to a personal territory, fundamental part of animal behavior (humans included)

A

Teritoriality

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17
Q

Intimate distance

A

6in to 18 in

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18
Q

personal distance

A

1 1/2’ to 2 1/2’ ft

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19
Q

social distance

A

4 to 12’ ft

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20
Q

public distance

A

12’ ft outward

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21
Q

a diverse and stimulating environment

A

Diversity

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22
Q

described a range of design elements that used the basic concepts of surveillance, territoriality, and real and symbolic barriers to reduce crime.

A

Defensible Space

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23
Q

Nearly all land development is dependent on or affected by some surrounding base of population within a geographical region.

A

Catchment Area

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24
Q

can be defined as a relatively small area in which a number of people live who share similar needs and desires in housing, social activities, and other aspects of day-today living.

A

Neighborhood

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25
Q

graphic way to show the elevations of the land in a plan view and are used to make a slope analysis to determine the suitability of the land for various uses

A

Contour Lines

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26
Q

the fraction of total precipitation that is not absorbed into the ground

A

Runoff Coefficient

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27
Q

Below all of the upper soil layers

A

Bedrock

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28
Q

Particles over 2mm in diameter

A

Gravel

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29
Q

Particles from 0.05mm to 2 mm in diameter, the finest grains just visible to the eye

A

Sands

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30
Q

Particles from 0.002mm to 0.05mm in diameter, the grains are visible but can be felt as smooth

A

Silt

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31
Q

Particles under .002mm in diameter, smooth and floury when dry, plastic and sticky when wet

A

Clay

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32
Q

have the lowest capacity and provide direct access to building sites.

A

Local Streets

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33
Q

connect local streets and arterial streets. They, of course, have a higher capacity than local streets but are usually not intended for through traffic.

A

Collector Streets

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34
Q

are intended as major, continuous circulation routes that carry large amounts of traffic on tow or three lanes.

A

Arterial Streets

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35
Q

are limited access roads designed to move large volumes of traffic between, through, and around population centers.

A

Expressways

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36
Q

roads laid out in the horizontal direction

A

Horizontal Alignment

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37
Q

roads laid out in the vertical direction

A

Vertical Alignment

38
Q

Straight sections of roads

A

Tangents

39
Q

refers to the overall climate of the region and is reflected in the weather data available from the National Weather Service

A

Macroclimate

40
Q

refers to the site-specific modification of the macroclimate by such features as land slope, trees and other vegetation, bodies of water, and buildings.

A

Microclimate

41
Q

of a hill (the side away from the wind direction) experiences less wind than the Windward Side

A

Leeward Side

42
Q

Leeward Side - of a hill (the side away from the wind direction) experiences less wind than the ____________?.

A

Windward Side

43
Q

The fraction of the radiant energy received on a surface that is reflected, and is expressed as a number from zero to 1.0. ex A flat black surface that absorbs all the energy and reflects none has an albedo of zero, whereas an albedo of 1.0 corresponds to a mirror that reflects all the energy striking it.

A

Albedo

44
Q

is the time rate of flow of heat through a material. Highly Conductive materials let heat pass through them quickly, whereas materials of low conductivity retard the passage of heat. Natural Materials generally have low conductivity, and metal, concrete, and masonry have relatively high conductivities.

A

Conductivity

45
Q

the study of living organisms in relation to their environment.

A

Ecology

46
Q

are areas that are inundated or staturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions.

A

Wetlands (jurisdictional wetlands)

47
Q

is a shallow grass-lined ditch or channel designed to detain storm runoff and remove sediments and other contaminants while allowing the water to seep into the ground.

A

Biowale

48
Q

is a closed depression in the earth from which water can escape only into the soil

A

Infiltration basin

49
Q

which is an area that temporarily contains excessive runoff until it can flow at a controlled rate into the storm sewer system

A

Catch Basin

50
Q

is the division of a city or other governmental unit into districts, and the regulation of the use of land and the location and bulk of buildings on property within those districts. Its legal basis is largely founded on the right of the state to protect the health, safety and welfare of the public. Municipalities receive the power to zone through the states with enabling legislation.
__________? primarily regulates
- the uses allowed on a parcel of land depending on the zoning district
-the area of the land that may be covered with buildings
-the bulk of the structures
-the distances of the buildings must be set back from the property lines
-parking and loading space requirements

A

Zoning

51
Q

is the ratio of the gross floor area within a structure to the area of the lot on which the structure is situated.

A

Floor Area Ratio (FAR)

52
Q

is the minimum distance a building must be placed form a property line

A

Setback

53
Q

the distance from the property line facing the street or the primary front of the property is known

A

Front Setback

54
Q

The distance from the back of the lot

A

Rear Setback

55
Q

The distance form the side property line

A

Side Setback

56
Q

is a deviation from the zoning regulations

A

Variance

57
Q

is the right of one party to use a portion of the land of another party in a particular way.

A

Easement

58
Q

Allows a utility company to install and maintain lines above or below the ground within the boundaries of the easement.

A

Utility Easement

59
Q

which allows the public and the owner of the inaccessible land the right to cross

A

Access Easement

60
Q

for the construction of common party walls between properties

A

Support Easement

61
Q

allow two or more property owners to share a common feature such as a driveway

A

Joint Use Easements

62
Q

protect views and development in scenic areas

A

Scenic Easements

63
Q

limit land use in large areas.

A

Conservation Easements

64
Q

is the legal right of one party or the public to traverse land belonging to another.

A

Right-Of-Way

65
Q

Deeds(legal rights) to property can contain provisions that restrict the use of the property by the buyer. These are called ______ _______ are are legal and enforceable if they are reasonable and in the public interest.

A

Restrictive Covenants (agreements)

66
Q

First approach at evaluating land —-The surrounding neighborhood or region is investigated to find properties that have recently sold or are on the market that are similar to the property being valued. Land is commonly assigned a value per sq foot or per acre, and buildings are often valued at a cost per square foot. The assumed value of another property can then be determined simply by multiplying the current market value per square foot times the area of the property being evaluated.

A

Market Approach

67
Q

2nd method/approach of evaluating land- –the basis is the potential the property has to yield a profit (income).

A

Income Approach

68
Q

Third Approach for Value of land _____With this method, the value of the land is estimated at its highest and best value. Then the cost to replace the building or add improvements is calculated. The estimated accrued depreciation is figured and subtracted from the replacement cost or cost of the improvements. This adjusted amount is then added to the land value to give the total value of the property.

A

Cost Approach

69
Q

______is used to evaluate the economic performance of a material or building system over the service life of the material or system.

A

Life-Cycle Cost analysis (LCC)

70
Q

The _____ of a material evaluates the environmental impacts from initial raw material extraction to final recycling, reuse, or disposal.

A

Life-Cycle Assessment analysis (LCA)

71
Q

is any tax imposed for general governmental purposes

A

General Tax

72
Q

a tax based on the value of property being taxed.

A

Ad Valorem Tax (Property Taxes)

73
Q

is any tax imposed for a specific purpose or by a single purpose authority.

A

Special Tax

74
Q

are issued by a city or state and backed by general tax revenue and the issuer’s credit. They are used to finance the acquisition or construction of specific public capital facilities and to purchase real property.
Examples of projects funded with ______ ______ bonds include schools, museums, and libraries.

A

General Obligation Bonds

75
Q

are similar to general obligation bonds in that a local government issues them to pay for a facility or improvement. These bonds, are backed by the revenue, or rates, from customers using the services that the bond funding paid for. ex city water and sewer facilities often use this method

A

Revenue Bonds (Rate-Supported Bonds)

76
Q

issued by cities or counties to finance facilities for revenue-producing public enterprises. EX Airports,parking garages, and hospitals

A

Public Enterprise Revenue Bonds

77
Q

to pay for improvements based on increased taxes due to the increased value of property

A

Tax-Increment Financing

78
Q

are costs charged to developers for off-site infrastructure improvements made necessary by new development.

A

Development Impact Fees

79
Q

require developers either dedicate some land for public use or contribute cash for the purchase of land and facilities made necessary by local governments.

A

Subdivision Exactions

80
Q

these fees are used to fund public space improvement, like parks and streetscapes, in order to enhance areas appeal and indirectly, its property values.

A

Special District Assessment (aka Business Improvement Districts - BID’s - Benefit Assessments

81
Q

this process uses a laser-based instrument with an onboard computer to measure the distance, horizontal angle, and vertical angle of the instruments laser beam to a reflective prism target. These instruments are accurate to +-1/64” in at 1600.

A

Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM)

82
Q

This device used in this process does not require the use of a prism reflector, but instead relies on the return signal bounced from the object being measured. The accuracy is less precise +-1/8” in at 100ft.

A

Reflectorless Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (REDM)

83
Q

uses large-format, film-based view cameras (the type typically used for high-quality architectural photography) to photograph facades.
Dimensions can be scaled off of the image.
The Photograph provides an accurate image of the building

A

Rectified Photography

84
Q

is similar to rectified photography except that it relies on digital photography and correction of optical distortion through computer software.

A

Orthophotography

85
Q

is the surveying of objects or spaces through the use of photography and associated software.

A

Photogrammetry

86
Q

uses two overlapping photographs in a computer program to produce a digital stereo image.

A

Stereophotogrammetry

87
Q

uses multiple, oblique photographic images of an object taken at different angles. Measurements and three-dimensional models are derived by using software that traces the multiple overlapping photographs taken from the different angles. It has an accuracy of about +-0.05%

A

Convergent Photogrammetry

88
Q

uses medium-range pulsing laser beams, which systematically sweep over an object or space to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of points on the surface of the object or space being scanned. The resulting image is a “point cloud” forming a three dimensional image. From this image, plans, elevations, sections, and three-dimensional models are developed by computer software. Laser scanning has an accuracy ranging from +-0.05% to +-0.01% or better.

A

Laser Scanning

89
Q

1st Treatment ____attempts to retain all historic fabric through conservation, maintenance, and repair. It reflects the building’s continuum over time and the respectful changes and alterations that are made.

A

Preservation

90
Q

2nd Treatment____emphasizes the retention and repair of historic materials, but gives more latitude to replacement because it assumes the property is more deteriorated prior to work

A

Rehabilitation

91
Q

3rd Treatment ____focuses on the retention of materials from the most significant time in a property’s history, while permitting the removal of materials from other periods.

A

Restoration

92
Q

4th Treatment - is the least historically accurate and allows the opportunity to re-create a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object in new materials

A

Reconstruction

PPP - Ballast (4 decks)

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