Chapter 2 Diamond Flashcards
3rd Wave Started?
Carnation Revolution, April 25 1974 Portugal
Carnation Revolution Cause
Lack of mechanism to express political discontent, falling behind western europe
Other components of third wave
Greek Military Government defeat at Cyprus to Turkey
Other components of third wave
Francisco Franco death, King Juan Carlos negotiates democratic transition. Pact of Moncloa created balance of factional powers, constraints used as a model throughout Latin America later on
Other components of third wave
Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Peru transition 1978-1980
Other components of third wave
Argentine dictatorship collapses after Falklands defeat in 1982. Brazil transitions from military regime by 1985.
Reverse Wave of Democratization
Turkey, Nigeria, Ghana
Large proportion of democratization in early 80s
was in microstates with under 1m population - in terms of countries democratized, there was some significant progress, in terms of places not as much so
1986 People Power Revolution Philippines
Marcos calls snap election, opposition unifies against him, rigs vote, gets caught by citizen monitoring effort. Peaceful protests force him to exile.
1986 Taiwan
Martial law lifted, opposition allowed
1989 China
Tinnamen Square
1989 Second Phase/or Fouth Wave
Communism Collapse Begins in East Europe
1989 Collapse Process
Hungary opens border with Austria, east germans flee. East German Communist Party boss resigns to protests.
December 1989
Ceasescu death, christmas resignation of Gorbachev
Africa adds liberation movements after soviet collapse
Benin democratizes, 1991 Mandela released
Initial Causes of Third Wave
Internal greivances - Loss of war, murder of opposition, death of Franco (spain)
Third Wave Snowballing
Phillipines leads to South Korean movement, Polish, East Germany influece East Europe. South African transition controlled based on observations in others
Negotiation/Reconcilation/Pacted Transitions
Not calculated democratization by elites, as previously thought, but civil society playing adversarial negotiating force
Electoral Process
Dictators overestimated popularity and control. Constant losses by dictators during elections meant to prove support.
Birth of new Independent States
Dozens established since wave began, adoption/enthusiasm for democracy in these helped give momentum to wave event
Exception to Third Wave
Middle East
