Chapter 2: Development and Quality of Life Flashcards
1
Q
Define development
A
- an on-going process
- improve the standard of living
- give ppl btr quality of life
2
Q
Define standard living
A
- conditions in which ppl live in
- access to healthcare, proper sanitation, basic needs ie water and food
3
Q
Define quality of life
A
- Degree of satisfaction / lvl of happiness
- of living conditions and lifestyle
- eg. social benefits, health plans, sense of security (SEPP)
4
Q
Unequal development
A
- between countries (inter)
- within countries (intra)
- explained with core-periphery theory
5
Q
Core-periphery theory
A
- differentiates the more developed regions’ countries (DC) aka core from periphery (LDC)
6
Q
Define core (core-periphery theory)
A
- region that has high conc of ppl, wealth and high standard of living (more developed area)
- National scale: usually the capital city, attracts capital and talent
- more prosperous, developed part of country e,g, CBD, banks
- 3 main core areas: Eastern Asia, Northern America, Western Europe
7
Q
Define periphery (core-periphery theory)
A
- region that has low conc of ppl, little wealth, low standard of living
- National scale: becomes increasingly poor as its distance increases from its core
- ppl generally have a lower standard of living in the periphery and tend to look for jobs in the core
- may eventually lead to lack of skilled labour in periphery
8
Q
Economic indicators
A
- GNI per capita
- Employment structure
9
Q
Health and nutrition indicators
A
- Life expectancy
- Morality rates
- Access to to clean water and sanitation
- Education (ALR)
10
Q
GNI per capita (E)
A
- average values of goods and services produced within a country tgt with balance of income to or from other countries
- relationship: higher GNI per capita, higher lvl of development
- why: increased investment and S/L (ie. health and education)
11
Q
Employment structure
A
- shows proportion of working population 3 main employment sectors
- primary, secondary and tertiary (and Quaternary)
- P: involves extraction of raw materials/manual labour ie. fishing, farming, mining
- S: processing of raw materials to form manufactured goods and products ie. food processing
- T: service sector, selling of skills and services ie. teaching, nursing
- Q: research and development ie. pharmaceutical R&D
- Eg. SG 2020: 1% Primary, 15% Secondary, 84% Tertiary
12
Q
Life expectancy (Health and nutrition)
A
- average no. of years a person is expected to live
- more developed the country, higher life expectancy
- sufficient access to food, healthcare, clean sanitation
- e.g. Ethiopia (LDC) L.E is abt 47.6 yrs, cannot afford healthcare and infrastructure due to little economic wealth
- e.g. 2019 SG women (85.7), men (81.4)
13
Q
triangular graph (employment structure)
A
- lower point on triangle, higher lvl of development
14
Q
Infant mortality rate (IMF) (health and nutrition)
A
- number of babies that die below 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a year
- more developed country, lower infant mortality rate
- DC have proper healthcare facilities ie. clinics, hospital, medical research facilities (skills: trained docs)
- can cater to vulnerable population (babies can’t take care of themselves)
- e.g. IMF in SG 1970: 22.5/1000 , 2005: 2.5/1000
15
Q
Access to clean water and sanitation (Health and nutrition) [LDC vs DC]
A
- proportion of ppl in a country having access to clean water supply and sanitation facilities
- DCs: pipes in homes have been treated at water treatment plants to ensure removal of bacteria and impurities (high access to clean water)
- toilets have proper flushing and waste disposal systems
- w/o it, ppl exposed to bacteria in waste, contaminates environment, spread diseases e.g. dysentery
- e.g. 783 mil ppl globally don’t have access to clean, safe drinking water
