Chapter 2: Development and Quality of Life

Question 1

Define development

Answer 1

• an on-going process
• improve the standard of living
• give ppl btr quality of life

Question 2

Define standard living

Answer 2

• conditions in which ppl live in

- access to healthcare, proper sanitation, basic needs ie water and food

Question 3

Define quality of life

Answer 3

• Degree of satisfaction / lvl of happiness
• of living conditions and lifestyle
• eg. social benefits, health plans, sense of security (SEPP)

Question 4

Unequal development

Answer 4

• between countries (inter)
• within countries (intra)
• explained with core-periphery theory

Question 5

Core-periphery theory

Answer 5

• differentiates the more developed regions’ countries (DC) aka core from periphery (LDC)

Question 6

Define core (core-periphery theory)

Answer 6

• region that has high conc of ppl, wealth and high standard of living (more developed area)
• National scale: usually the capital city, attracts capital and talent
• more prosperous, developed part of country e,g, CBD, banks
• 3 main core areas: Eastern Asia, Northern America, Western Europe

Question 7

Define periphery (core-periphery theory)

Answer 7

• region that has low conc of ppl, little wealth, low standard of living
• National scale: becomes increasingly poor as its distance increases from its core
• ppl generally have a lower standard of living in the periphery and tend to look for jobs in the core
• may eventually lead to lack of skilled labour in periphery

Question 8

Economic indicators

Answer 8

• GNI per capita

- Employment structure

Question 9

Health and nutrition indicators

Answer 9

• Life expectancy
• Morality rates
• Access to to clean water and sanitation
• Education (ALR)

Question 10

GNI per capita (E)

Answer 10

• average values of goods and services produced within a country tgt with balance of income to or from other countries
• relationship: higher GNI per capita, higher lvl of development
• why: increased investment and S/L (ie. health and education)

Question 11

Employment structure

Answer 11

• shows proportion of working population 3 main employment sectors
• primary, secondary and tertiary (and Quaternary)
• P: involves extraction of raw materials/manual labour ie. fishing, farming, mining
• S: processing of raw materials to form manufactured goods and products ie. food processing
• T: service sector, selling of skills and services ie. teaching, nursing
• Q: research and development ie. pharmaceutical R&D
• Eg. SG 2020: 1% Primary, 15% Secondary, 84% Tertiary

Question 12

Life expectancy (Health and nutrition)

Answer 12

• average no. of years a person is expected to live
• more developed the country, higher life expectancy
• sufficient access to food, healthcare, clean sanitation
• e.g. Ethiopia (LDC) L.E is abt 47.6 yrs, cannot afford healthcare and infrastructure due to little economic wealth
• e.g. 2019 SG women (85.7), men (81.4)

Question 13

triangular graph (employment structure)

Answer 13

• lower point on triangle, higher lvl of development

Question 14

Infant mortality rate (IMF) (health and nutrition)

Answer 14

• number of babies that die below 1 year of age for every 1000 live births in a year
• more developed country, lower infant mortality rate
• DC have proper healthcare facilities ie. clinics, hospital, medical research facilities (skills: trained docs)
• can cater to vulnerable population (babies can’t take care of themselves)
• e.g. IMF in SG 1970: 22.5/1000 , 2005: 2.5/1000

Question 15

Access to clean water and sanitation (Health and nutrition) [LDC vs DC]

Answer 15

• proportion of ppl in a country having access to clean water supply and sanitation facilities
• DCs: pipes in homes have been treated at water treatment plants to ensure removal of bacteria and impurities (high access to clean water)
• toilets have proper flushing and waste disposal systems
• w/o it, ppl exposed to bacteria in waste, contaminates environment, spread diseases e.g. dysentery
• e.g. 783 mil ppl globally don’t have access to clean, safe drinking water

Question 16

Education (ALR)

Answer 16

• percentage of adults (above 15 yrs) in a country that can read or write
• social norms: who gets the education? battling traditional mindsets (Girls in LDC)
• e.g. Pakistan, poor quality education (teachers not well trained, most students aren’t literate)
• a rise in ALR would result in a rise in development (why?)

Question 17

Human development index (HDI)

Answer 17

• published annually by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
• composite/collective index that measures the lvl of development
• based on economic well-being, health and education standards
• high: 0.800 to 1.00
• med: 0.500 to 0.799
• low: 0.499 and below

Question 18

HDI (+ve)

Answer 18

• holistic indicator

- consistent data collected

Question 19

HDI (-ve)

Answer 19

• some inaccuracies in data collected

- time lag

Question 20

Holistic indicator (+ve)

Answer 20

• combines 3 aspects of development

- provides holistic/overall view of development unlike a single indicator like GDP

Question 21

Consistent data (+ve)

Answer 21

• HDI is calculated by UNDP (international organisation )
• hence there is consistency in calculation of data
• allows us to compare lvl of development across countries

Question 22

Inaccuracies in data

Answer 22

• in some countries many economic transactions occur informally, not included in calculation of HDI ( e.g. home baking business)
• makes HDI value and ranking inaccurate

Question 23

Time lag

Answer 23

• time lag between collection and publishing

- not reflective of current development status of country