CHAPTER 2: Cognitive Neuroscience

Question 1

Episodic Memory

Answer 1

memory of everyday events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places
EX: flashback memory

Question 2

Semantic Memory

Answer 2

the general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives.
EX: things that you have learned

Question 3

Double Dissociation

Answer 3

two patients show opposite patterns of disruption and preserved function. Cognitive processes are functionally and anatomically separate.

Question 4

Simple Dissociation

Answer 4

one patients show opposite patterns of disruption and preserved function. Cognitive processes are functionally and anatomically separate.

Question 5

Neurons

Answer 5

conducts neural information through the nervous system.

Question 6

What is the structure of a neuron

Answer 6

Axon

Question 7

Synapse

Answer 7

Where neurotransmitters transmit information; where neurons are connected.

Question 8

Acetylcholine

Answer 8

NEUROTRANSMITTER
involved in strengthening neural connections during long term potential

Question 9

GABA

Answer 9

NEUROTRANSMITTER
An INHIBITORY neurotransmitter involved in weakening connections between neurons during learning

Question 10

Glutamate

Answer 10

NEUROTRANSMITTER
an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter involved in strengthening connections between neurons during learning

Question 11

Norepinephrine

Answer 11

NEUROTRANSMITTER
involved in the creation of new memories

Question 12

Long Term Potential

Answer 12

strengthening of connections between neurons

Question 13

Consolidation

Answer 13

AIDED BY SLEEP
the process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones.

Question 14

Neurogenesis

Answer 14

birth of new neurons
EXISTS IN HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULTS

Question 15

Central Nervous System

Answer 15

brain and spinal cord
broad functions of the CNS are to take in sensory information, process information, and send out motor signals.

Question 16

Thalamus

Answer 16

gateway to the cortex
RELAY STATION OF INFO
where messages enter

Question 17

Corpus Callosum

Answer 17

where information form left hemisphere and right hemisphere communicate and are passed

Question 18

Hippocampus

Answer 18

important in long term processing, especially for memories

Question 19

Amygdala

Answer 19

processing of emotional information. Direct inputs from olfactory nerves.
NEAR HIPPOCAMPUS WHICH IS WHY MEMORIES ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONS ARE REMEMBERED EASILY.

Question 20

Contra Laterality

Answer 20

The principle that control of one side of the body is localized in the opposite cerebral hemisphere. The fact that the left hand, for instance, is largely under the control of the right hemisphere.

Question 21

Right Hemisphere

Answer 21

Responsible for image processing, spatial thinking, and movement in the left side of the body.
NONVERBAL

Question 22

Left Hemisphere

Answer 22

Speech and abstract thinking. Also controls the right side of the body
LANGUAGE

Question 23

Dorsal Pathway

Answer 23

VISUAL PATHWAY IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
responsible for processing information about WHERE things are in the world

Question 24

Ventral Pathway

Answer 24

VISUAL PATHWAY IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
responsible for processing information about WHAT things are in the world

Question 25

MRI

Answer 25

STRUCTUAL
Creates images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves, similar to Cat Scan.

Question 26

Cat Scan

Answer 26

USES XRAYS
STRUCTUAL
allows for quick assessment of general brain structure

Question 27

fMRI

Answer 27

FUNCTIONAL
Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.

Question 28

Connectionism

Answer 28

Describe word recognition using a connectionist model
knowledge necessary for performance consists of a high level of parallel processing among the several levels of knowledge; and that the basic building blocks of these interconnected networks is simple connection between nodes stored in memory