CHAPTER 2: Cognitive Neuroscience Flashcards
Episodic Memory
memory of everyday events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at particular times and places
EX: flashback memory
Semantic Memory
the general world knowledge that humans have accumulated throughout their lives.
EX: things that you have learned
Double Dissociation
two patients show opposite patterns of disruption and preserved function. Cognitive processes are functionally and anatomically separate.
Simple Dissociation
one patients show opposite patterns of disruption and preserved function. Cognitive processes are functionally and anatomically separate.
Neurons
conducts neural information through the nervous system.
What is the structure of a neuron
Axon
Synapse
Where neurotransmitters transmit information; where neurons are connected.
Acetylcholine
NEUROTRANSMITTER
involved in strengthening neural connections during long term potential
GABA
NEUROTRANSMITTER
An INHIBITORY neurotransmitter involved in weakening connections between neurons during learning
Glutamate
NEUROTRANSMITTER
an EXCITATORY neurotransmitter involved in strengthening connections between neurons during learning
Norepinephrine
NEUROTRANSMITTER
involved in the creation of new memories
Long Term Potential
strengthening of connections between neurons
Consolidation
AIDED BY SLEEP
the process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones.
Neurogenesis
birth of new neurons
EXISTS IN HIPPOCAMPUS OF ADULTS
Central Nervous System
brain and spinal cord
broad functions of the CNS are to take in sensory information, process information, and send out motor signals.
Thalamus
gateway to the cortex
RELAY STATION OF INFO
where messages enter
Corpus Callosum
where information form left hemisphere and right hemisphere communicate and are passed
Hippocampus
important in long term processing, especially for memories
Amygdala
processing of emotional information. Direct inputs from olfactory nerves.
NEAR HIPPOCAMPUS WHICH IS WHY MEMORIES ASSOCIATED WITH EMOTIONS ARE REMEMBERED EASILY.
Contra Laterality
The principle that control of one side of the body is localized in the opposite cerebral hemisphere. The fact that the left hand, for instance, is largely under the control of the right hemisphere.
Right Hemisphere
Responsible for image processing, spatial thinking, and movement in the left side of the body.
NONVERBAL
Left Hemisphere
Speech and abstract thinking. Also controls the right side of the body
LANGUAGE
Dorsal Pathway
VISUAL PATHWAY IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
responsible for processing information about WHERE things are in the world
Ventral Pathway
VISUAL PATHWAY IN THE OCCIPITAL LOBE
responsible for processing information about WHAT things are in the world
MRI
STRUCTUAL
Creates images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves, similar to Cat Scan.
Cat Scan
USES XRAYS
STRUCTUAL
allows for quick assessment of general brain structure
fMRI
FUNCTIONAL
Measures brain activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow.
Connectionism
Describe word recognition using a connectionist model
knowledge necessary for performance consists of a high level of parallel processing among the several levels of knowledge; and that the basic building blocks of these interconnected networks is simple connection between nodes stored in memory
